Overview
Background
I began my scientific career with a Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry and Chemistry, followed by a Bachelor of Science with First Class Honours in Chemistry from Massey University, New Zealand. My honours project focused on developing hydrogels for controlled peptide release in the gut. I then pursued a PhD at Massey University, working on synthetic anti-cancer drugs based on cyclodextrins.
After completing my PhD, I worked as a Research Officer at the New Zealand Veterinary Pathology Epicentre, refining my diagnostic research skills. I continued my career as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Kansas State University, contributing to the detection and surveillance of zoonotic diseases in the swine industry.
Currently, at the University of Queensland, I integrate my expertise in synthetic peptides with vaccine development. My research bridges medical and agricultural biotechnology, focusing on innovative adjuvants and vaccines that span medicinal chemistry, nanotechnology, and immunology, aiming to enhance both health outcomes and agricultural practices.
Availability
- Dr Rachel Stephenson is:
- Available for supervision
Fields of research
Qualifications
- Bachelor of Science, Massey University
- Bachelor (Honours) of Science (Advanced), Massey University
- Doctor of Philosophy, Massey University
Research interests
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Vaccine development
Our research centres on developing advanced methods for creating improved subunit vaccine formulations, targeting neglected diseases and those with suboptimal current vaccines. Recently, we have concentrated our efforts on group A Streptococcus, which can cause a range of illnesses, from sore throat to severe conditions like heart and kidney damage, as well as necrotizing fasciitis, a flesh-eating disease. We also focus on technologies that enable the precise incorporation of potent vaccine adjuvants into peptide- and carbohydrate-based antigens.
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Nanovaccines for drug addiction therapy
We have developed new synthetic nanovaccine platforms aimed at treating conditions such as cocaine addiction. This research opens up new therapeutic avenues for the management of drug addiction.
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Adjuvant technology
Innovative adjuvants play a critical role in enhancing the immune system's response to vaccines, expanding their protective efficacy. Our research focuses on cutting-edge nanoadjuvant technologies, incorporating liposomes, emulsions, peptides, and/or lipids to significantly enhance vaccine efficacy. These advancements are aimed at optimising vaccine formulations, making them more effective in preventing infectious diseases by improving both the strength and longevity of immune protection, with applications in both Agricultural Biotechnology and health research.
Research impacts
My research journey began with the development of innovative synthetic strategies for development of multi-functional peptide-sulfonamide drug candidates, coupled with rigorous in vitro immunological assessments for biomedical applications. These efforts centered on pioneering solid-phase peptide synthesis and chemical conjugation techniques, culminating in cell-based immunological analyses of novel anti-cancer drug candidates.
Transitioning from Chemistry to Virology and Immunology, I leveraged my chemical expertise to design and optimise protein-based multiplex diagnostic assays, such as Luminex and ELISA, for critical diseases affecting the swine industry, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, bovine viral diarrhea, and African swine fever. This collaborative work played a key role in maintaining the disease-free status of imported meat and animals in the USA, safeguarding public health and the agricultural economy.
At the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (Australia), I have embraced an interdisciplinary approach in my role as a research-focused academic in Medicinal Chemistry. My current work revolves around the structural and immunological evaluation of synthetic peptide-based subunit vaccines aimed at preventing or treating human diseases such as Group A Streptococcus infection, schistosomiasis, cocaine addiction, and cancer. This research emphasises the critical role of synthetic immune-stimulants in subunit vaccine design and seeks to advance the technological methodologies underlying multi-component vaccine development, thereby contributing to the growth of peptide-based vaccine innovations.
Supported by collaborations across UQ and funded by the NHMRC (Australia), Meat & Livestock Australia, and Venture Capitalist Brandon Biocatalyst, my research aims to make significant strides in vaccine development, with broad implications for public health and agricultural biotechnology.
Works
Search Professor Rachel Stephenson’s works on UQ eSpace
2024
Journal Article
Cyclic Peptide Conjugate Vaccines and Physically Mixed Cyclic Peptide Vaccines for Subcutaneous Immunization
Huang, Wenbin, Madge, Harrison Y. R., Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2024). Cyclic Peptide Conjugate Vaccines and Physically Mixed Cyclic Peptide Vaccines for Subcutaneous Immunization. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2821, 111-127. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_9
2024
Journal Article
Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus
Fan, Jingyi, Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2024). Recent Scientific Advancements towards a Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. Vaccines, 12 (3) 272, 272. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12030272
2024
Journal Article
Utilizing murine dendritic cell line DC2.4 to evaluate the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in vitro
Lu, Lantian, Kong, Wei Yang, Zhang, Jiahui, Firdaus, Farrhana, Wells, James W., Stephenson, Rachel J., Toth, Istvan, Skwarczynski, Mariusz and Cruz, Jazmina L. Gonzalez (2024). Utilizing murine dendritic cell line DC2.4 to evaluate the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in vitro. Frontiers in Immunology, 15 ARTN 1298721, 1-13. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298721
2023
Journal Article
Synthetic anti-cocaine nanoaccine successfully prevents cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion
Madge, Harrison Y. R., Alexander, Suzy, Azuar, Armira, Zhang, Jiahui, Koirala, Prashamsa, Burne, Thomas H., Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2023). Synthetic anti-cocaine nanoaccine successfully prevents cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 66 (17), 12407-12419. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00889
2023
Journal Article
Activity relationship of poly(ethylenimine)-based liposomes as group A Streptococcus vaccine delivery systems
Jin, Shengbin, Zhang, Jiahui, Nahar, Ummey J., Huang, Wenbin, Alharbi, Nedaa A., Shalash, Ahmed O., Koirala, Prashamsa, Yang, Jieru, Kiong, Jolynn J. E., Khalil, Zeinab G., Capon, Robert J., Stephenson, Rachel J., Skwarczynski, Mariusz, Toth, Istvan and Hussein, Waleed M. (2023). Activity relationship of poly(ethylenimine)-based liposomes as group A Streptococcus vaccine delivery systems. ACS Infectious Diseases, 9 (8), 1570-1581. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00159
2023
Journal Article
Anti-cocaine vaccine development: where are we now and where are we going?
Stephenson, Rachel J. and Toth, Istvan (2023). Anti-cocaine vaccine development: where are we now and where are we going?. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 66 (11), 7086-7100. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00366
2023
Book Chapter
Bioconjugated materials in the development of subunit vaccines
Fan, Jingyi, Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2023). Bioconjugated materials in the development of subunit vaccines. Bioconjugated Materials Part 2 Applications in Drug Delivery, Vaccine Formulations and Important Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. (pp. 59-103) Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/bs.coac.2023.02.005
2023
Journal Article
Liposomal formulations of a polyleucine–antigen conjugate as therapeutic vaccines against cervical cancer
Firdaus, Farrhana Z., Bartlett, Stacey, Hussein, Waleed M., Lu, Lantian, Wright, Quentin, Huang, Wenbin, Nahar, Ummey J., Yang, Jieru, Khongkow, Mattaka, Veitch, Margaret, Koirala, Prashamsa, Ruktanonchai, Uracha R., Monteiro, Michael J., Gonzalez Cruz, Jazmina L., Stephenson, Rachel J., Wells, James W., Toth, Istvan and Skwarczynski, Mariusz (2023). Liposomal formulations of a polyleucine–antigen conjugate as therapeutic vaccines against cervical cancer. Pharmaceutics, 15 (2) 602, 1-15. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020602
2022
Journal Article
Advances in infectious disease vaccine adjuvants
Fan, Jingyi, Jin, Shengbin, Gilmartin, Lachlan, Toth, Istvan, Hussein, Waleed M. and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2022). Advances in infectious disease vaccine adjuvants. Vaccines, 10 (7) 1120, 1-62. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10071120
2022
Journal Article
Structure-activity relationship of lipid, cyclic peptide and antigen rearrangement of physically mixed vaccines
Huang, Wenbin, Madge, Harrison Y. R., Zhang, Jiahui, Gilmartin, Lachlan, Hussein, Waleed M., Khalil, Zeinab G., Koirala, Prashamsa, Capon, Robert J., Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2022). Structure-activity relationship of lipid, cyclic peptide and antigen rearrangement of physically mixed vaccines. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 617 121614, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121614
2022
Journal Article
Developing an effective glycan‐based vaccine for Streptococcus pyogenes
Mahmoud, Asmaa, Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel (2022). Developing an effective glycan‐based vaccine for Streptococcus pyogenes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61 (11) e202115342, 1-21. doi: 10.1002/anie.202115342
2022
Journal Article
Peptide-based nanovaccines in the treatment of cervical cancer: a review of recent advances
Zhang, Jiahui, Fan, Jingyi, Skwarczynski, Mariusz, Stephenson, Rachel J, Toth, Istvan and Hussein, Waleed M (2022). Peptide-based nanovaccines in the treatment of cervical cancer: a review of recent advances. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 17, 869-900. doi: 10.2147/ijn.s269986
2022
Journal Article
Developing an effective Glycan-based vaccine for Streptococcus Pyogenes
Mahmoud, Asmaa, Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel (2022). Developing an effective Glycan-based vaccine for Streptococcus Pyogenes. Angewandte Chemie, 134 (11). doi: 10.1002/ange.202115342
2022
Journal Article
Physical mixture of a cyclic lipopeptide vaccine induced high titres of opsonic IgG antibodies against group A streptococcus
Madge, Harrison Y. R., Huang, Wenbin, Gilmartin, Lachlan, Rigau-Planella, Berta, Hussein, Waleed M., Khalil, Zeinab G., Koirala, Prashamsa, Santiago, Viviene S., Capon, Robert J., Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2022). Physical mixture of a cyclic lipopeptide vaccine induced high titres of opsonic IgG antibodies against group A streptococcus. Biomaterials Science, 10 (1), 281-293. doi: 10.1039/d1bm01333e
2022
Journal Article
Dendrimers in vaccine delivery: recent progress and advances
Chowdhury, Silvia, Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2022). Dendrimers in vaccine delivery: recent progress and advances. Biomaterials, 280 121303, 121303. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121303
2021
Journal Article
Polyethylenimine quantity and molecular weight influence its adjuvanting properties in liposomal peptide vaccines
Dai, Charles C., Huang, Wenbin, Yang, Jieru, Hussein, Waleed M., Wang, Jingwen, Khalil, Zeinab G., Capon, Robert J., Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2021). Polyethylenimine quantity and molecular weight influence its adjuvanting properties in liposomal peptide vaccines. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 40 127920, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127920
2021
Journal Article
Immunogenicity assessment of cell wall carbohydrates of Group A Streptococcus via self-adjuvanted glyco-lipopeptides
Khatun, Farjana, Dai, Charles C., Rivera-Hernandez, Tania, Hussein, Waleed M., Khalil, Zeinab G., Capon, Robert J., Toth, Istvan and Stephenson, Rachel J. (2021). Immunogenicity assessment of cell wall carbohydrates of Group A Streptococcus via self-adjuvanted glyco-lipopeptides. ACS Infectious Diseases, 7 (2) acsinfecdis.0c00722, 390-405. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00722
2021
Book Chapter
Nanocarrier-based vaccine delivery systems for synthetic peptide vaccines
Madge, Harrison Y.R., Stephenson, Rachel J. and Toth, Istvan (2021). Nanocarrier-based vaccine delivery systems for synthetic peptide vaccines. Handbook of nanotechnology applications: environment, energy, agriculture and medicine. (pp. 509-535) edited by Woei Jye Lau, Kajornsak Faungnawakij, Kuakoon Piyachomkwan and Uracha Rungsardthong Ruktanonchai. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821506-7.00020-x
2021
Book
Peptide Conjugation : Methods and Protocols
Hussein, Waleed M., Stephenson, Rachel J. and Toth, Istvan eds. (2021). Peptide Conjugation : Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, New York, NY United States: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1617-8
2021
Book Chapter
Preface
Hussein, Waleed H., Stephenson, Rachel J. and Toth, Istvan (2021). Preface. Peptide conjugation: methods and protocols. (pp. v-v) New York, NY USA: Humana Press.
Supervision
Availability
- Dr Rachel Stephenson is:
- Available for supervision
Before you email them, read our advice on how to contact a supervisor.
Available projects
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Carbohydrate vaccines – a sweet solution in the fight against group A Streptococcus infection
Many glycoconjugates (sugars) have been identified and used for the increased targeted delivery of vaccines. Our lipid-peptide carrier systems have been shown to have self-adjuvant properties. This project aims to evaluate immunological responses by increased targeting towards dendritic and macrophage cells using glycoconjugates in the treatment of group A Streptococcus infection. Project aims: 1) the chemical synthesis of a series of dendritic delivery systems containing different glycoconjugates, 2) in vitro uptake studies, and 3) toxicology assessment.
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Cyclic peptides - a link to advance subunit vaccine development
Cyclic peptides offer an attractive solution for presentation of short peptide antigens due to their stability and structurally constrained conformation. We identified that a cyclic deca-peptide plays a significant positive influence on the adjuvant activity of several lipid-antigen mixtures, leading to high immunological antibody titres and opsonisation of the model infection. Building on these exciting findings, this project aims to optimise the capacity of these cyclic delivery systems, leading to project skills in areas of peptide synthesis and analytical analysis, and in vitro and in vivo immunological assessment.
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Novel adjuvants for peptide vaccines
Vaccination is one of the most effective public health strategies ever undertaken. Instead of whole killed pathogens, next generation vaccines use pathogen derived peptides, allowing fine control when tailoring the vaccine. This project aims to examine a new multi-component self-adjuvanting cyclic carrier system for the delivery of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) antigens. Here, novel nanoparticle vaccine systems will be synthesised where both adjuvant and particulate carrier are contained in a single molecular entity. Project aims: 1) chemical synthesis of lipoamino acid libraries and a series of delivery system-GAS conjugates with different rearrangements, 2) in vitro biological stability studies, 3) in vitro uptake studies, and 4) biological activity assessment.
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A physicochemical evaluation of an asymmetric delivery system for GAS vaccine design
Immune-stimulant (adjuvant) development is an important area of vaccine research. This exciting project aims to investigate particle characteristics and immunogenicity for a library of lipopeptide vaccine constructs containing an asymmetric arrangement of the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) epitopes. Lipoaminoacids (lipid) are investigated for particle rearrangement properties following self-assembly. Project aims: 1) chemical synthesis of an asymmetric GAS vaccine library and 2) physiochemical characterisation, 3) in vitro uptake studies, and 4) toxicology assessment.
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Breaking the cycle: advancing innovative vaccines against substance abuse
Cocaine addiction is a persistent and recurring illness with no approved pharmacotherapies. While antibody-based therapies offer a promising treatment approach, past efforts, including a cocaine vaccine that reached clinical trials, have failed due to variability in antibody responses. My research seeks to address the critical need for effective adjuvants and improved vaccine formulations to enhance immunogenicity, advancing the development of a viable vaccination strategy to help addicts overcome cocaine addiction. I have multiple projects in this area.
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Strep-A defence: revolutionising immunity with cutting-edge subunit vaccines
Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is a significant global health burden, responsible for a wide range of diseases, from mild infections like strep throat to severe conditions such as rheumatic heart disease. Strep A infections lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. The development of an effective Strep A vaccine is critical to reducing the incidence of these diseases and preventing long-term complications, thereby alleviating the substantial public health burden they impose. I have multiple projects leveraging liposomes and emulsion adjuvant technologies in this area.
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Transforming vaccination: precision adjuvants and targeted delivery for next-generation vaccines
Vaccination stands as a cornerstone of public health, and the future of vaccines is incredibly exciting. Next-generation vaccines, which leverage pathogen-derived peptides instead of whole killed pathogens, promise unparalleled precision in vaccine design. My cutting-edge research aims to pioneer technologies that enable the precise incorporation of powerful adjuvants into peptide and carbohydrate-based vaccines. Additionally, I am advancing targeted delivery methods to ensure these vaccines are directed to specific cell populations. These innovations are set to revolutionise vaccine efficacy, providing more effective and targeted protection against some of the most challenging diseases.
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From lab to pasture: flystrike vaccine development
Flystrike on sheep is a major sheep health and welfare problem in Australia caused by the larval stages of the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Current control methods rely on insecticides, but with a growing insecticide resistance among most strains of L. cuprina, this is no longer seen as a viable option. New methods of control are desperately needed, and a key approach is through vaccines. I am working in collaboration with CSIRO to design and develop new, targeted flystrike vaccines and have projects in this space.
Supervision history
Current supervision
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Doctor Philosophy
Design and Synthesis of Self-adjuvant, Pathogen Selective Group A Streptococcus Vaccines
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
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Doctor Philosophy
Nanovaccines against infectious diseases
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
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Doctor Philosophy
Novel Vaccine Designs of Adjuvants and Delivery Systems against Infectious Diseases
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth, Dr Mariusz Skwarczynski
Completed supervision
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Development of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Peptide Antigens and Small Molecule Haptens
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
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2021
Doctor Philosophy
Novel Nanovaccines against Rheumatic Heart Disease
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Development of Glyco-lipopeptide Vaccines against Group A Streptococcus
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
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2016
Doctor Philosophy
Mannosylated lipopetides as model vaccines for targeting the mannose receptor
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
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2016
Doctor Philosophy
Synthesis and physicochemical examination of asymmetric amphoteric macromolecules containing OVA CD4 and OVA CD8 for the development of a model vaccine
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Istvan Toth
Media
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