Overview
Background
Professor Mary Fletcher is a natural product organic chemist, and led the Natural Toxin group within the Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation (QAAFI) 2010-2024,before being appointed Emeritus Professor in 2024. She previously worked as a research chemist at both The University Queensland and Queensland Primary Industries (Biosecurity Queensland), before joining the Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation in 2010. Prof Fletcher's current interest focuses on bioactives that reduce enteric methane and the application of slow release delivery systems appropriate to rangeland grazing systems. Prof Fletcher has an industry recognised expertise as an applied organic chemist with a specialist interest in the identification and analysis of natural toxins and other bioactives in a range of plants, fungi and agricultural products. Such toxins and bioactives can affect both human and animal health posing risks to livestock production, food safety and market access.
Prof Fletcher is also an Affiliate Professor in the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (http://www.scmb.uq.edu.au/index.html), and an Affiliated Scientist at the Biosciences eastern & central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub in Nairobi, Kenya (http://hub.africabiosciences.org/).
Prof Fletcher is a Fellow of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute and in 2016 was elected President of the Queensland Branch of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (http://www.raci.org.au/branches/qld-branch).
Availability
- Emerita Professor Mary Fletcher is:
- Not available for supervision
Fields of research
Qualifications
- Bachelor of Science, The University of Queensland
- Bachelor (Honours) of Chemistry, The University of Queensland
- Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Queensland
Research interests
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Slow release inserts to deliver bioactive compounds that reduce enteric methane
Methane emissions from the beef cattle sector accounts for ~7% of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. This collaborative UQ-DAF project brings together a team of interdisciplinary scientists and applies novel technologies to progress the industry goal of achieving a carbon neutral beef industry by 2030. The synthetic feed additive 3 nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) has shown promise in enteric methane mitigation. This compound targets the nickel enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) in rumen archea, thereby inhibiting the last step of CH4 formation by reversibly oxidizing the nickel cofactor from Ni(I) to Ni(II). Applications to date have necessitated daily dosing regimes relevant mostly for intensive cattle systems, and this project seeks to provide alternate delivery mechanisms to enable application in extensive systems. In extensive grazing systems, most supplements are normally delivered through licks, with little or no control of intake by individual animals. Many methane mitigating active-agents including 3-NOP are required to be delivered consistently to the rumen to be effective. This project seeks to deliver a novel rumen insert for controlled release of active-agents to provide a sustained slow-release dose. Such technology avoids any process issues associated with traditional bolus capsule systems, where the capsule itself presents problems at abattoir. It is envisaged that the novel insert by comparison would be completely biodegraded with no problematic remains at abattoir.
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Beneficial Sugars in Stingless Bee Honey
Stingless bees (Meliponini) occur in all tropical and sub-tropical regions, and honey from these native bees has a long history of traditional indigenous use with a range of purported therapeutic properties. Prof Fletcher's research has identified the unusual low GI disaccharide trehalulose as a predominant sugar and distinctive marker of stingless bee honey in five species across three continents Australia, Malaysia and Brazil. The presence of this beneficial sugar has added support to the health claims of these native Meliponini honeys and provided impetus to this emerging industry. This is the first report of this unusual disaccharide as a major component of honey, and indeed the first significant natural occurrence in any food. Prof Fletcher's research team has further demonstrated that this rare sugar is produced by the bees themselves via an enzymatic isomerisation of nectar sucrose - further evidence of the unique characteristics of these stingless bees and the honey they produce.
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Natural Toxins
Prof Fletcher's research interests also encompass the identification and analysis of natural toxins and bioactives in a range of plants, fungi and agricultural products. Such toxins have the potential to form residues in agricultural products and pose a risk to both livestock and human consumers. Toxins of particular interest include mycotoxins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, indospicine and simplexin. Her natural toxin research focusses on minimising the impacts of plant toxins on Australian livestock production. Plant toxins can have wide ranging animal impacts, depending on their chemical structure and have the potential to contribute to ill thrift through specific toxicoses such as Pimelea poisoning and pyrrolizidine alkaloid associated liver disease, and reproductive losses through abortion and teratogenic effects, or calf losses associated with premature births, weak calves, or failure to suckle. Devising strategies to deal with diverse plant toxins is not easy, as the chemical action and target organ varies considerably, and the best line of action is prevention rather than remedial treatment. In pasture systems, it is difficult to prevent consumption of poisonous plants, other than by total removal from the pasture which is generally not possible. However, plant consumption does not necessarily equal uptake of the toxin, and the approach of the proposed research is to devise strategies to enable toxin breakdown within the rumen before absorption into the animals circulatory systems. Our research approach is to capitalise on natural rumen response by isolating microbes capable of degrading toxins (for use as preventative probiotics), and investigating toxin absorbents and/or biopolymers to foster toxin-degrading microbe populations. Initially this research will be applied to the Pimelea toxin, simplexin, which causes frequently fatal poisoning in cattle grazing inland pastures of Australia with productivity losses estimated to be up to $50 million in bad years. Further interests include the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Australian honey and identification of diverse floral sources of these alkaloids using LCMS technologies to confirm alkaloid profiles. A collaborative project with Queensland Health is also investigating authenticity, adulteration and providence of these honeys using stable isotope MS techniques.
Research impacts
Throughout her career Prof Fletcher has applied her chemical skills to address diverse problems that pose threats to agricultural industries, from the identification of fruit fly pheromones to the determination of plant toxins responsible for livestock deaths, to the identification of bone volatiles attractive to phosphorous deficient cattle and more recently the identification of unusual beneficial sugars in stingless bee honey and the application of slow release devices for the release of bioactives to control enteric methane production in rangeland cattle. Her work has particular application in the areas of food safety and food security, both in Australia and overseas, including projects addressing the impacts of carcinogenic mycotoxin contamination of staple foods in sub-saharan Africa.
Current research funded by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) aims to develop a rumen insert that is applicable in extensive production systems to reduce methane emissions from northern Australia beef herds and applies novel biopolmyer technologies to progress the industry goal of achieving a carbon neutral beef industry by 2030. This collaborative UQ-DAF project aims to produce a rumen insert that slowly releases active-agents (such as 3-NOP) into the rumen over an extended period of time. The use of a rumen insert will mean that each animal will receive the treatment and should establish a more consistent reduced methane emission, when compared to other methods.
Works
Search Professor Mary Fletcher’s works on UQ eSpace
2025
Journal Article
Assessment of the ability of Lactococcus lactis 537 to bind aflatoxin M1 in the presence of inulin and Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum)
Almutairi, Batlah, Fletcher, Mary T., Hong, Hung Trieu, Dong, Anran, Turner, Mark S. and Sultanbawa, Yasmina (2025). Assessment of the ability of Lactococcus lactis 537 to bind aflatoxin M1 in the presence of inulin and Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum). Food Microbiology, 127 104682, 104682. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104682
2025
Journal Article
Mobilisation and replenishment of phosphorus reserves in Bos indicus cows. 2. Mature lactating cows fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus
Dixon, R. M., Benvenutti, M. A., Goodwin, K. L., Anderson, S. T., Mayer, R. J., Isherwood, P., Kidd, L. J. and Fletcher, M. T. (2025). Mobilisation and replenishment of phosphorus reserves in Bos indicus cows. 2. Mature lactating cows fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus. Animal Production Science, 65 (2), 1-21. doi: 10.1071/an24216
2024
Journal Article
Competitive Pasture Species to Suppress the Growth of Annual Riceflower (Pimelea trichostachya Lindl.) at Different Planting Densities and Spatial Arrangements
Saleem, Rashid, Bajwa, Ali, Campbell, Shane, Fletcher, Mary T., Kalaipandian, Sundaravelpandian and Adkins, Steve W. (2024). Competitive Pasture Species to Suppress the Growth of Annual Riceflower (Pimelea trichostachya Lindl.) at Different Planting Densities and Spatial Arrangements. Plants, 14 (1) 82, 82. doi: 10.3390/plants14010082
2024
Journal Article
Mobilisation and replenishment of phosphorus reserves in Bos indicus cows. 1. Mid-pregnant mature cows post-weaning
Dixon, R. M., Castells, L., Goodwin, K. L., Kidd, L. J., Anderson, S. T., Mayer, R. J., Isherwood, P., McNeill, D. M. and Fletcher, M. T. (2024). Mobilisation and replenishment of phosphorus reserves in Bos indicus cows. 1. Mid-pregnant mature cows post-weaning. Animal Production Science, 64 (18). doi: 10.1071/an24213
2024
Journal Article
Sixty years of research on bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) toxins: Environmental exposure, health risks and recommendations for bracken fern control
Gil da Costa, Rui M., Povey, Andrew, Medeiros-Fonseca, Beatriz, Ramwell, Carmel, O'Driscoll, Connie, Williams, David, Hansen, Hans Chr B., Rasmussen, Lars Holm, Fletcher, Mary T., O'Connor, Peter, Bradshaw, Richard H.W., Robinson, Roderick and Mason, James (2024). Sixty years of research on bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) toxins: Environmental exposure, health risks and recommendations for bracken fern control. Environmental Research, 257 119274, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119274
2024
Journal Article
A feeding trial to investigate strategies to mitigate the impacts of Pimelea poisoning in Australian cattle
Hungerford, Natasha L., Ouwerkerk, Diane, Gilbert, Rosalind A., Loh, Zhi Hung, Gordon, Russell J., Silva, Luis F.P. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2024). A feeding trial to investigate strategies to mitigate the impacts of Pimelea poisoning in Australian cattle. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72 (28), 15572-15585. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02082
2024
Conference Publication
Differences in Trehalulose Levels in Stingless Bee Honeys from Various Countries
Zhang, Jiali, Hungerford, Natasha L., Yates, Hans S.A. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2024). Differences in Trehalulose Levels in Stingless Bee Honeys from Various Countries. 17th Asian Apiculture Association Conference, Freemantle, WA Australia, 12-14 June 2024.
2024
Conference Publication
Sugar identification in different bee honeys by ICMS
Yates, H.S.A., Carter, J.F., Hungerford, N.L., Santiago, V. and Fletcher, M.T. (2024). Sugar identification in different bee honeys by ICMS. 17th Asian Apiculture Association Conference, Freemantle, WA Australia, 12-14 June 2024.
2024
Journal Article
Chemical Management Strategies of Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. Using Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides
Saleem, Rashid, Campbell, Shane, Fletcher, Mary T., Kalaipandian, Sundaravelpandian and Adkins, Steve W. (2024). Chemical Management Strategies of Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. Using Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides. Plants, 13 (10) 1342, 1-13. doi: 10.3390/plants13101342
2024
Journal Article
Binding of the plant-derived toxin simplexin to bovine protein kinase C: insights from molecular dynamics
Zhou, Yuchen, Roseli, Ras Baizureen, Hungerford, Natasha L., Fletcher, Mary T., Ouwerkerk, Diane, Gilbert, Rosalind A. and Krenske, Elizabeth H. (2024). Binding of the plant-derived toxin simplexin to bovine protein kinase C: insights from molecular dynamics. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 22 (14), 2863-2876. doi: 10.1039/d4ob00065j
2024
Journal Article
Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in stingless bee honey and identification of a botanical source as Ageratum conyzoides
Hungerford, Natasha L., Zawawi, Norhasnida, Zhu, Tianqi (Evonne), Carter, Steve J., Melksham, Kevin J. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2024). Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in stingless bee honey and identification of a botanical source as Ageratum conyzoides. Toxins, 16 (1) 40. doi: 10.3390/toxins16010040
2024
Conference Publication
Composition of Australian stingless bee honey.
Hungerford, Natasha, Zhang, Jiali, Smith, Tobias, Yates, Hans S. A. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2024). Composition of Australian stingless bee honey.. 2024 International Apicultural Asia Regional Symposium, Miyun, Beijing, China, 2-4 September 2024.
2023
Journal Article
The impact of Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) fruit powder and its pectic oligosaccharides on the growth, survival and antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria in milk
Almutairi, Batlah, Turner, Mark S., Fletcher, Mary T. and Sultanbawa, Yasmina (2023). The impact of Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) fruit powder and its pectic oligosaccharides on the growth, survival and antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria in milk. Food Bioscience, 56 103445, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103445
2023
Journal Article
Fungal composition, quantification of mycotoxins and enzyme activity in processed Solanum tuberosum Linn (Potato) products stored at different relative humidity
Danladi, Margaret M. A., Ogbonna, Chike I. C., Ogbonna, Abigail I., Giles, Cindy, Fletcher, Mary T. and Akinsanmi, Olufemi A. (2023). Fungal composition, quantification of mycotoxins and enzyme activity in processed Solanum tuberosum Linn (Potato) products stored at different relative humidity. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 134 (12) lxad266, 1-12. doi: 10.1093/jambio/lxad266
2023
Journal Article
Ion chromatography and ion chromatography / mass spectrometry as a complementary analysis technique for amino acid analysis in food, a review
Yates, H. S. A., Carter, J. F., Hungerford, N. L. and Fletcher, M. T. (2023). Ion chromatography and ion chromatography / mass spectrometry as a complementary analysis technique for amino acid analysis in food, a review. Food Chemistry Advances, 3 100415, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.focha.2023.100415
2023
Conference Publication
A rare health sugar, trehalulose, discovered in stingless bee honey
Zhang, Jiali, Hungerford, Natasha L., Smith, Tobias J., Yates, Hans S. A. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2023). A rare health sugar, trehalulose, discovered in stingless bee honey. 48th International Apiculture Congress, Santiago, Chile, 4-8th September 2023.
2023
Journal Article
Identification of acid hydrolysis metabolites of the Pimelea toxin simplexin for targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis
Loh, Zhi Hung, Hungerford, Natasha L., Ouwerkerk, Diane, Klieve, Athol V. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2023). Identification of acid hydrolysis metabolites of the Pimelea toxin simplexin for targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Toxins, 15 (9) 551, 551. doi: 10.3390/toxins15090551
2023
Journal Article
Organic acid profiles of Australian stingless bee honey samples determined by ion chromatography
Hungerford, Natasha L., Yates, Hans S.A., Smith, Tobias J. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2023). Organic acid profiles of Australian stingless bee honey samples determined by ion chromatography. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 122 105466, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105466
2023
Conference Publication
Macerating bees to create honey
Zhang, Jiali, Hungerford, Natasha L., Yates, Hans S.A., Smith, Tobias J. and Fletcher, Mary T. (2023). Macerating bees to create honey. Forensic and Scientific Services – Science Week 2023, Lightning talks, Coopers Plains, QLD Australia, 15-17 August 2023.
2023
Journal Article
Biodegradative controlled natural toxin release from Pimelea trichostachya-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biocomposites: towards a sustainable intra-ruminal device
Yuan, Yue, Fletcher, Mary T. and Laycock, Bronwyn (2023). Biodegradative controlled natural toxin release from Pimelea trichostachya-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biocomposites: towards a sustainable intra-ruminal device. European Polymer Journal, 195 112202, 112202. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112202
Funding
Current funding
Supervision
Availability
- Emerita Professor Mary Fletcher is:
- Not available for supervision
Supervision history
Current supervision
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Doctor Philosophy
Stingless bee enzymes for biotransformation of cane sugar to a low GI sugar
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor James De Voss, Dr Loan Nguyen, Dr Natasha Hungerford
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Doctor Philosophy
Atypical saccharides in emerging and novel foods
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Natasha Hungerford, Dr Viviene Santiago
Completed supervision
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Mitigation of Pimelea poisoning of livestock using adsorbents
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Bronwyn Laycock, Dr Natasha Hungerford
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Mitigating the effects of the toxin simplexin in Pimelea poisoning of cattle by development of a microbial probiotic
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Natasha Hungerford
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Harvested Maize in Kenya and Tanzania and Postharvest Control by Photosensitization
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Yasmina Sultanbawa, Dr Darren Kriticos
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2016
Doctor Philosophy
Food Safety Risk Assessment of Indospicine in Australian Camel Meat
Principal Advisor
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2023
Doctor Philosophy
Modelling the Controlled Release of Toxins within a Rumen Environment
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Bronwyn Laycock
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Developing a new probiotic fermented milk with prebiotics for aflatoxin M1 detoxification
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Mark Turner, Professor Yasmina Sultanbawa
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Germination triggers, persistence, and management of Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. in Queensland
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Shane Campbell, Professor Steve Adkins
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Assessing the safe use of Terminalia ferdinandiana for dietary purposes
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Michael Netzel, Professor Yasmina Sultanbawa
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Health risk assessment of mixed contaminants: Interaction of metals on the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human liver cells
Associate Advisor
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Factors related to differential occurrence rates of aflatoxins in maize grains: investigations with near infrared spectrometry and metabolite analysis
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Yasmina Sultanbawa
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2013
Doctor Philosophy
Studies on haemolytic compounds from fungi of sago and their role in sago haemolytic disease in Papua New Guinea
Associate Advisor
Media
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