
Overview
Background
Professor Southam is a Professor in Geomicrobiology. He is an interdisciplinary researcher who crosses the traditional boundaries between biological and geological sciences to examine bacterial transformations of materials composing the earth’s crust, and the impact these transformations have had over geologic time. Field sites have ranged from Yellostone National Park, to Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high arctic, to the ultradeep gold mines in the Republic of Southam Africa (up to 4 km below land surface, to the Amazon Basin. Following his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in Geomicrobiology and Director of Environment and Sustainability at Western University, Canada, Dr. Southam has moved to the University of Queensland where he is leading projects on:
Mineral carbonation, using acid generating bacteria to enhance weathering of ultramafic mine waste, promoting mineral carbonation (CO2 sequestration);
Bioremediation of iron mine sites, by enhancing the biogeochemical cycling of iron to promote the formation of ferruginous duricrusts (canga), and
Bioleaching, focussing on low-grade copper in arid through tropical ecosystems (Australia and Brazil);
Gold exploration, examining the fundamental roles that bacteria play in catalysing the formation of placer gold.
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
Qualifications
- Bachelor (Honours) of Science (Advanced), University of Guelph
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Guelph
Research interests
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Life in Extreme Environments / Bacterial Fossilisation
The growth of bacteria in extreme environments combined with their metal-reactive cell envelopes often results in their fossilization in these environments. The preservation of cellular and molecular biomarkers in ancients Earth systems can teach us about the evolution of life on Earth and their influence on lithosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere system processes. The diversity of life’s extremes is also intriguing with the respect to the possibility of life occurring elsewhere in the solar system, e.g., Mars. Current research is improving our understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for fossilisation in contemporary and ancient Earth environments, e.g., the biooxidation of iron and subsequent per-mineralization in arid, acid environments.
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Bioleaching
Present day mining operations have reached geological scales. Entire mountains are being mined, crushed, sorted, transported, smelted, and consumed by an ever-increasing human population. In parallel, new landscapes are being created with the waste products, often low-grade or lesser-quality ores. Extracting resources from these low-grade ores presents major challenges that we propose to address by determining the critical steps controlling the biooxidation of copper sulphides, in particular, chalcopyrite. The solubilisation, speciation, fractionation and precipitation of many metals and metal ions are directly and indirectly influenced by microbial activity (Southam & Saunders, 2005). The significance of microbial catalysis is highlighted in Enders et al. (2006) where we demonstrated the role of bacteria in the supergene weathering of Fe and Cu at Morenci, AZ, the largest copper mine in North America, producing 1,000 tonnes of Cu/day through bacterial leaching. The biogeochemical oxidation of iron and sulphur in pyrite enhances the dissolution of copper, which can lead to supergene enrichment over geologic time scales (Enders et al., 2006) and can be exploited for the recovery of Cu through bioleaching.
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Canga
Supergene enriched iron-ore deposits are typically protected by a goethite-cemented ferruginous duricrust layer referred to as canga. The formation of canga horizons has been linked to the biogeochemical cycling of iron. Incredibly, no work on the biogeochemistry of canga has been done. These supergene Fe-ore systems are actively forming in the tropics by weathering of banded iron formations. Canga forms extensive deposits blanketing ancient erosion surfaces, is tough, moderately hard, well consolidated, permeable and very resistant to erosion and chemical weathering, protecting the relatively soft enriched iron ore below. This protective canga horizon is therefore, essential to supergene iron ore enrichment and formation of high-grade iron ore. Canga hosts unique, endemic open herbaceous-shrubs, dominated by hemicryptophytes that are in dramatic contrast to the surrounding vegetation, especially in the Carajás and Quadrilátero Ferrífero regions of Brazil where tropical rainforests surrounds these ‘islands’ of canga. Effective restoration of mined iron sites to re-establish these unique ecosystems requires the re-precipitation of canga, a process never previously attempted. Studying the biology of these systems, i.e., the biogeochemical cycling of iron and the identification of novel biotechnologically important organisms is essential for the success of this project.
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Gold
Gold is a relatively inert metal, yet it is often found as concentrated placer deposits. These deposits are unusual because the gold nuggets recovered from them can be larger than the gold found in the source rock. Using gold-thiosulfate, the gold complex important in base metal sulphide systems, we demonstrated that thiosulfate-oxidising and thiosulfate-reducing bacteria can produce octahedral gold, similar to the interaction between bacteria and gold(III)-chloride complexes. Synchrotron results have begun to elucidate the mechanism of octahedral gold formation, demonstrating that organosulphur-Au(I) compounds are the intermediate complex produced during the reaction between bacteria and gold(III) chloride. Both complexes are important to the biogeochemical cycling of gold in natural systems. Recent evidence of biofilms on gold grains demonstrates that biogeochemical processing of gold is occurring in nature and is therefore, fundamentally important to mineral exploration programs.
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Mineral Carbonation
Ultramafic and mafic mine tailings are a potentially valuable feedstock for carbon mineralization that should be used to offset carbon emissions generated by mining. Passive carbon mineralization is occurring at the abandoned Clinton Creek asbestos mine, and the active Diavik diamond and Mount Keith nickel mines. Microbially mediated processes have the potential to accelerate carbon mineralization to create economically viable, large-scale carbon dioxide fixation technologies that can operate at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Bioleaching of magnesium silicates (serpentine, olivine); increasing the supply of CO2 via heterotrophic oxidation of waste organics; and biologically induced carbonate precipitation, as well as enhancing passive carbonation through tailings management practices and use of CO2 point sources. With the aim of developing carbon-neutral mines, tailings storage facilities could be geoengineered as habitats for microbial communities that accelerate carbon mineralization.
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Methanogenesis
The methanogenesis project aims to determine how microorganisms degrade coal and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing biogenic methane from waste coal in an abandoned mine. Through this project, we will conduct a microbial survey of at least two Bowen Basin coal mines to identify the organisms that thrive where coal is the sole source of organic carbon. The future methane production of these mines will be determined in a laboratory trial using two different chemical regimes, one possessing a gradient from aerobic to anaerobic conditions and in the other solely anaerobic. Finally, coal will be separated into physical and chemical fractions to determine why coal degradation by anaerobic organisms is limited by the hydrolysis step during methane production.
Works
Search Professor Gordon Southam’s works on UQ eSpace
2011
Journal Article
Implications of in situ calcification for photosynthesis in a similar to 3.3 Ga-old microbial biofilm from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa
Westall, Frances, Cavalazzi, Barbara, Lemelle, Laurence, Marrocchi, Yves, Rouzaud, Jean-Noel, Simionovici, Alexandre, Salome, Murielle, Mostefaoui, Smail, Andreazza, Caroline, Foucher, Frederic, Toporski, Jan, Jauss, Andrea, Thiel, Volker, Southam, Gordon, MacLean, Lachlan, Wirick, Susan, Hofmann, Axel, Meibom, Anders, Robert, Francois and Defarge, Christian (2011). Implications of in situ calcification for photosynthesis in a similar to 3.3 Ga-old microbial biofilm from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 310 (3-4), 468-479. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.029
2011
Journal Article
Subarctic Weathering of Mineral Wastes Provides a Sink for Atmospheric CO2
Wilson, Siobhan A., Dipple, Gregory M., Power, Ian M., Barker, Shaun L. L., Fallon, Stewart J. and Southam, Gordon (2011). Subarctic Weathering of Mineral Wastes Provides a Sink for Atmospheric CO2. Environmental Science andTechnology, 45 (18), 7727-7736. doi: 10.1021/es202112y
2011
Journal Article
The preservation and degradation of filamentous bacteria and biomolecules within iron oxide deposits at Rio Tinto, Spain
Preston, L. J., Shuster, J., Fernandez-Remolar, D., Banerjee, N. R., Osinski, G. R. and Southam, G. (2011). The preservation and degradation of filamentous bacteria and biomolecules within iron oxide deposits at Rio Tinto, Spain. Geobiology, 9 (3), 233-249. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00275.x
2011
Journal Article
Characterizing the effect of carbon steel exposure in sulfide containing solutions to microbially induced corrosion
Sherar, B. W. A., Power, I. M., Keech, P. G., Mitlin, S., Southam, G. and Shoesmith, D. W. (2011). Characterizing the effect of carbon steel exposure in sulfide containing solutions to microbially induced corrosion. Corrosion Science, 53 (3), 955-960. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.027
2011
Journal Article
Erratum: Implications of a 3.472-3.333-Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth (Philosophical Transactins of the Royal Society B (2011) 366 (464) DOI:10.1098/rstb.2010.0375 )
Westall, Frances, De Ronde, Cornel E. J., Southam, Gordon, Grassineau, Nathalie, Colas, Maggy, Cockell, Charles and Lammer, Helmut (2011). Erratum: Implications of a 3.472-3.333-Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth (Philosophical Transactins of the Royal Society B (2011) 366 (464) DOI:10.1098/rstb.2010.0375 ). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366 (1563), 464-464. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0375
2011
Book Chapter
Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: A Review
Lengke, Maggy F., Sanpawanitchakit, Charoen and Southam, Gordon (2011). Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: A Review. Metal nanoparticles in microbiology. (pp. 37-74) edited by Mahendra Rai and Nelson Duran. Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-18312-6_3
2011
Journal Article
Bacterial nanowires: conductive as silicon, soft as polymer
Leung, Kar Man, Wanger, Greg, Guo, Qiuquan, Gorby, Yuri, Southam, Gordon, Lau, Woon Ming and Yang, Jun (2011). Bacterial nanowires: conductive as silicon, soft as polymer. Soft Matter, 7 (14), 6617-6621. doi: 10.1039/c1sm05611e
2011
Conference Publication
Electrical transport along bacterial nanowires from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
El-Naggar, Mohamed Y., Wanger, Greg, Leung, Kar Man, Yuzvinsky, Thomas D., Southam, Gordon, Yang, Jun, Lau, Woon Ming, Nealson, Kenneth H. and Gorby, Yuri A. (2011). Electrical transport along bacterial nanowires from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. 241st National Meeting and Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Anaheim, CA, United States, 27-31 March 2011. Washington, DC United States: American Chemical Society.
2011
Conference Publication
Electrical Transport along Bacterial Nanowires
Yuzvinsky, Tom, El-Naggar, Moh, Wanger, Greg, Leung, Kar Man, Southam, Gordon, Yang, Jun, Lau, Woon Ming, Nealon, Kenneth and Gorby, Yuri (2011). Electrical Transport along Bacterial Nanowires. 55th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, Baltimore, MD United States, 5 - 9 March 2011. Louis, MO United States: Cell Press.
2010
Journal Article
Nanoparticle factories: Biofilms hold the key to gold dispersion and nugget formation
Reith, Frank, Fairbrother, Lintern, Nolze, Gert, Wilhelmi, Oliver, Clode, Peta L., Gregg, Adrienne, Parsons, John E., Wakelin, Steven A., Pring, Allan, Hough, Robert, Southam, Gordon and Brugger, Joel (2010). Nanoparticle factories: Biofilms hold the key to gold dispersion and nugget formation. Geology, 38 (9), 843-846. doi: 10.1130/G31052.1
2010
Journal Article
Multi-technique investigation reveals new mineral, chemical, and textural heterogeneity in the Tagish Lake C2 chondrite
Izawa, M. R. M., Flemming, R. L., McCausland, P. J. A., Southam, G., Moser, D. E. and Barker, I. R. (2010). Multi-technique investigation reveals new mineral, chemical, and textural heterogeneity in the Tagish Lake C2 chondrite. Planetary and Space Science, 58 (10), 1347-1364. doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2010.05.018
2010
Journal Article
Characterization of halophiles in natural MgSO4 salts and laboratory enrichment samples: Astrobiological implications for Mars
Foster, Ian S., King, Penelope L., Hyde, Brendt C. and Southam, Gordon (2010). Characterization of halophiles in natural MgSO4 salts and laboratory enrichment samples: Astrobiological implications for Mars. Planetary and Space Science, 58 (4), 599-615. doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2009.08.009
2010
Journal Article
Bioleaching of Ultramafic Tailings by Acidithiobacillus spp. for CO2 Sequestration
Power, Ian M., Dipple, Gregory M. and Southam, Gordon (2010). Bioleaching of Ultramafic Tailings by Acidithiobacillus spp. for CO2 Sequestration. Environmental Science and Technology, 44 (1), 456-462. doi: 10.1021/es900986n
2009
Journal Article
Microbial Architecture of Environmental Sulfur Processes: A Novel Syntrophic Sulfur-Metabolizing Consortia
Norlund, Kelsey L. I., Southam, Gordon, Tyliszczak, Tolek, Hu, Yongfeng, Karunakaran, Chithra, Obst, Martin, Hitchcock, Adam P. and Warren, Lesley A. (2009). Microbial Architecture of Environmental Sulfur Processes: A Novel Syntrophic Sulfur-Metabolizing Consortia. Environmental Science and Technology, 43 (23), 8781-8786. doi: 10.1021/es803616k
2009
Journal Article
The Biogeochemistry of Gold
Southam, Gordon, Lengke, Maggy F., Fairbrother, Lintern and Reith, Frank (2009). The Biogeochemistry of Gold. Elements, 5 (5), 303-307. doi: 10.2113/gselements.5.5.303
2009
Journal Article
Mechanisms of gold biomineralization in the bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans
Reith, Frank, Etschmann, Barbara, Grosse, Cornelia, Moors, Hugo, Benotmane, Mohammed A., Monsieurs, Pieter, Grass, Gregor, Doonan, Christian, Vogt, Stefan, Lai, Barry, Martinez-Criado, Gema, George, Graham N., Nies, Dietrich H., Mergeay, Max, Pring, Allan, Southam, Gordon and Brugger, Joel (2009). Mechanisms of gold biomineralization in the bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (42), 17757-17762. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904583106
2009
Journal Article
Sulfur Isotope Enrichment during Maintenance Metabolism in the Thermophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfotomaculum putei
Davidson, Mark M., Bisher, M. E., Pratt, Lisa M., Fong, Jon, Southam, Gordon, Pfiffner, Susan M., Reches, Z. and Onstott, Tullis C. (2009). Sulfur Isotope Enrichment during Maintenance Metabolism in the Thermophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfotomaculum putei. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75 (17), 5621-5630. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02948-08
2009
Journal Article
Effect of the cyanide-producing bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum on ultraflat Au surfaces
Fairbrother, Lintern, Shapter, Joe, Brugger, Joel, Southam, Gordon, Pring, Allan and Reith, Frank (2009). Effect of the cyanide-producing bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum on ultraflat Au surfaces. Chemical Geology, 265 (3-4), 313-320. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.04.010
2009
Journal Article
The hydromagnesite playas of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada: A biogeochemical model for CO2 sequestration
Power, Ian M., Wilson, Siobhan A., Thom, James M., Dipple, Gregory M., Gabites, Janet E. and Southam, Gordon (2009). The hydromagnesite playas of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada: A biogeochemical model for CO2 sequestration. Chemical Geology, 260 (3-4), 286-300. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.01.012
2009
Journal Article
Carbon dioxide fixation within mine wastes of ultramafic-hosted ore deposits: examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile deposits, Canada
Wilson, Siobhan A., Dipple, Gregory M., Power, Ian M., Thom, James M., Anderson, Robert G., Raudsepp, Mati, Gabites, Janet E. and Southam, Gordon (2009). Carbon dioxide fixation within mine wastes of ultramafic-hosted ore deposits: examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile deposits, Canada. Economic Geology, 104 (1), 95-112. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.95
Funding
Current funding
Past funding
Supervision
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
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Supervision history
Current supervision
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Acid Mine Drainage Passive Treatment Method Using Hyperaccumulator Plants for Post Mining Rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Denys Villa Gomez, Professor Peter Erskine
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Doctor Philosophy
Alternative uses of mine influenced water
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Mandana Shaygan, Professor Mansour Edraki
Completed supervision
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Understanding the microbiology behind transformation of coal mine spoils to soils, in the Bowen Basin
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Paul Evans
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Biochemical processes occuring in kimberlite: True lithotrophy
Principal Advisor
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Harnessing microbial processes to accelerate the transformation of coal spoils to functional soils
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Erskine, Dr Paul Evans
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2023
Doctor Philosophy
Biologically enhanced mineral carbonation of kimberlite as a strategy to create a carbon neutral mine
Principal Advisor
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Development of ferruginous duricrusts (canga) in tropical iron ore systems
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
The role of primary producers in surface evolution of iron-rich duricrust (canga)
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Kopittke
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2019
Doctor Philosophy
Selective colonisation of metal sulphides and the effect of bioleaching
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial carbonation in natural and engineered environments
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Gregory Webb
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2016
Doctor Philosophy
Coal mine microbial communities and biogenic methane cycling
Principal Advisor
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial sulfur oxidation driven mineral weathering in alkaline iron ore tailings
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Improving biogeochemical properties and pioneer plant growth in alkaline iron ore tailings undergoing soil formation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Geochemical investigation of abandoned tungsten mining wastes for metal recovery and rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Mansour Edraki
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Strategies for nickel and cobalt recovery from mine-impacted water using sulfate-reducing bacteria
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Associate Professor James Vaughan, Dr Denys Villa Gomez
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Characteristics of hardpans capping sulfidic Cu-Pb-Zn tailings and potential roles of mineral bio-weathering
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Characterization of South Australian microbialites with emphasis on the identification of geochemical signatures
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Honorary Professor Robert Burne, Professor Gregory Webb
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Phosphate-induced hydrogeochemical stabilisation of sulphidic lead-zinc tailings for rapid phytostabilisation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Paleoenvironmental Evolution of Continental Landscapes Through Combined High-Resolution Geochronology and d18O Ion Microprobe Analysis of Goethite
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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