
Overview
Background
Professor Southam is a Professor in Geomicrobiology. He is an interdisciplinary researcher who crosses the traditional boundaries between biological and geological sciences to examine bacterial transformations of materials composing the earth’s crust, and the impact these transformations have had over geologic time. Field sites have ranged from Yellostone National Park, to Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high arctic, to the ultradeep gold mines in the Republic of Southam Africa (up to 4 km below land surface, to the Amazon Basin. Following his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in Geomicrobiology and Director of Environment and Sustainability at Western University, Canada, Dr. Southam has moved to the University of Queensland where he is leading projects on:
Mineral carbonation, using acid generating bacteria to enhance weathering of ultramafic mine waste, promoting mineral carbonation (CO2 sequestration);
Bioremediation of iron mine sites, by enhancing the biogeochemical cycling of iron to promote the formation of ferruginous duricrusts (canga), and
Bioleaching, focussing on low-grade copper in arid through tropical ecosystems (Australia and Brazil);
Gold exploration, examining the fundamental roles that bacteria play in catalysing the formation of placer gold.
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
Qualifications
- Bachelor (Honours) of Science (Advanced), University of Guelph
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Guelph
Research interests
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Life in Extreme Environments / Bacterial Fossilisation
The growth of bacteria in extreme environments combined with their metal-reactive cell envelopes often results in their fossilization in these environments. The preservation of cellular and molecular biomarkers in ancients Earth systems can teach us about the evolution of life on Earth and their influence on lithosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere system processes. The diversity of life’s extremes is also intriguing with the respect to the possibility of life occurring elsewhere in the solar system, e.g., Mars. Current research is improving our understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for fossilisation in contemporary and ancient Earth environments, e.g., the biooxidation of iron and subsequent per-mineralization in arid, acid environments.
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Bioleaching
Present day mining operations have reached geological scales. Entire mountains are being mined, crushed, sorted, transported, smelted, and consumed by an ever-increasing human population. In parallel, new landscapes are being created with the waste products, often low-grade or lesser-quality ores. Extracting resources from these low-grade ores presents major challenges that we propose to address by determining the critical steps controlling the biooxidation of copper sulphides, in particular, chalcopyrite. The solubilisation, speciation, fractionation and precipitation of many metals and metal ions are directly and indirectly influenced by microbial activity (Southam & Saunders, 2005). The significance of microbial catalysis is highlighted in Enders et al. (2006) where we demonstrated the role of bacteria in the supergene weathering of Fe and Cu at Morenci, AZ, the largest copper mine in North America, producing 1,000 tonnes of Cu/day through bacterial leaching. The biogeochemical oxidation of iron and sulphur in pyrite enhances the dissolution of copper, which can lead to supergene enrichment over geologic time scales (Enders et al., 2006) and can be exploited for the recovery of Cu through bioleaching.
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Canga
Supergene enriched iron-ore deposits are typically protected by a goethite-cemented ferruginous duricrust layer referred to as canga. The formation of canga horizons has been linked to the biogeochemical cycling of iron. Incredibly, no work on the biogeochemistry of canga has been done. These supergene Fe-ore systems are actively forming in the tropics by weathering of banded iron formations. Canga forms extensive deposits blanketing ancient erosion surfaces, is tough, moderately hard, well consolidated, permeable and very resistant to erosion and chemical weathering, protecting the relatively soft enriched iron ore below. This protective canga horizon is therefore, essential to supergene iron ore enrichment and formation of high-grade iron ore. Canga hosts unique, endemic open herbaceous-shrubs, dominated by hemicryptophytes that are in dramatic contrast to the surrounding vegetation, especially in the Carajás and Quadrilátero Ferrífero regions of Brazil where tropical rainforests surrounds these ‘islands’ of canga. Effective restoration of mined iron sites to re-establish these unique ecosystems requires the re-precipitation of canga, a process never previously attempted. Studying the biology of these systems, i.e., the biogeochemical cycling of iron and the identification of novel biotechnologically important organisms is essential for the success of this project.
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Gold
Gold is a relatively inert metal, yet it is often found as concentrated placer deposits. These deposits are unusual because the gold nuggets recovered from them can be larger than the gold found in the source rock. Using gold-thiosulfate, the gold complex important in base metal sulphide systems, we demonstrated that thiosulfate-oxidising and thiosulfate-reducing bacteria can produce octahedral gold, similar to the interaction between bacteria and gold(III)-chloride complexes. Synchrotron results have begun to elucidate the mechanism of octahedral gold formation, demonstrating that organosulphur-Au(I) compounds are the intermediate complex produced during the reaction between bacteria and gold(III) chloride. Both complexes are important to the biogeochemical cycling of gold in natural systems. Recent evidence of biofilms on gold grains demonstrates that biogeochemical processing of gold is occurring in nature and is therefore, fundamentally important to mineral exploration programs.
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Mineral Carbonation
Ultramafic and mafic mine tailings are a potentially valuable feedstock for carbon mineralization that should be used to offset carbon emissions generated by mining. Passive carbon mineralization is occurring at the abandoned Clinton Creek asbestos mine, and the active Diavik diamond and Mount Keith nickel mines. Microbially mediated processes have the potential to accelerate carbon mineralization to create economically viable, large-scale carbon dioxide fixation technologies that can operate at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Bioleaching of magnesium silicates (serpentine, olivine); increasing the supply of CO2 via heterotrophic oxidation of waste organics; and biologically induced carbonate precipitation, as well as enhancing passive carbonation through tailings management practices and use of CO2 point sources. With the aim of developing carbon-neutral mines, tailings storage facilities could be geoengineered as habitats for microbial communities that accelerate carbon mineralization.
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Methanogenesis
The methanogenesis project aims to determine how microorganisms degrade coal and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing biogenic methane from waste coal in an abandoned mine. Through this project, we will conduct a microbial survey of at least two Bowen Basin coal mines to identify the organisms that thrive where coal is the sole source of organic carbon. The future methane production of these mines will be determined in a laboratory trial using two different chemical regimes, one possessing a gradient from aerobic to anaerobic conditions and in the other solely anaerobic. Finally, coal will be separated into physical and chemical fractions to determine why coal degradation by anaerobic organisms is limited by the hydrolysis step during methane production.
Works
Search Professor Gordon Southam’s works on UQ eSpace
2009
Journal Article
Carbon dioxide fixation within mine wastes of ultramafic-hosted ore deposits: examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile deposits, Canada
Wilson, Siobhan A., Dipple, Gregory M., Power, Ian M., Thom, James M., Anderson, Robert G., Raudsepp, Mati, Gabites, Janet E. and Southam, Gordon (2009). Carbon dioxide fixation within mine wastes of ultramafic-hosted ore deposits: examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile deposits, Canada. Economic Geology, 104 (1), 95-112. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.95
2008
Journal Article
A high-resolution chemical and structural study of framboidal pyrite formed within a low-temperature bacterial biofilm
MacLean, L. C. W., Tyliszczak, T., Gilbert, P. U. P. A., Zhou, D., Pray, T. J., Onstott, T. C. and Southam, G. (2008). A high-resolution chemical and structural study of framboidal pyrite formed within a low-temperature bacterial biofilm. Geobiology, 6 (5), 471-480. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00174.x
2008
Journal Article
Environmental genomics reveals a single-species ecosystem deep within earth
Chivian, Dylan, Brodie, Eoin L., Alm, Eric J., Culley, David E., Dehal, Paramvir S., DeSantis, Todd Z., Gihring, Thomas M., Lapidus, Alla, Lin, Li-Hung, Lowry, Stephen R., Moser, Duane P., Richardson, Paul M., Southam, Gordon, Wanger, Greg, Pratt, Lisa M., Andersen, Gary L., Hazen, Terry C., Brockman, Fred J., Arkin, Adam P. and Onstott, Tullis C. (2008). Environmental genomics reveals a single-species ecosystem deep within earth. Science, 322 (5899), 275-278. doi: 10.1126/science.1155495
2008
Journal Article
Investigating intra-bone isotopic variations in bioapatite using IR-laser ablation and micromilling: Implications for identifying diagenesis?
Brady, Allyson L., White, Christine D., Longstaffe, Fred J. and Southam, Gordon (2008). Investigating intra-bone isotopic variations in bioapatite using IR-laser ablation and micromilling: Implications for identifying diagenesis?. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 266 (3-4), 188-199. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.031
2008
Journal Article
Stars of the terrestrial deep subsurface: A novel 'star-shaped' bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine
Wanger, G., Onstott, T. C. and Southam, G. (2008). Stars of the terrestrial deep subsurface: A novel 'star-shaped' bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine. Geobiology, 6 (3), 325-330. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x
2007
Book Chapter
Geology, Life and Habitability
Southam, G. and Westall, F. (2007). Geology, Life and Habitability. Treatise on Geophysics. (pp. 421-437) Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00164-4
2007
Journal Article
Biologically induced mineralization of dypingite by cyanobacteria from an alkaline wetland near Atlin, British Columbia, Canada
Power, Ian M., Wilson, Siobhan A., Thom, James M., Dipple, Gregory M. and Southam, Gordon (2007). Biologically induced mineralization of dypingite by cyanobacteria from an alkaline wetland near Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Geochemical Transactions, 8 (Article No.13) 13. doi: 10.1186/1467-4866-8-13
2007
Journal Article
The geomicrobiology of gold
Reith, Frank, Lengke, Maggy F., Falconer, Donna, Craw, David and Southam, Gordon (2007). The geomicrobiology of gold. Isme Journal, 1 (7), 567-584. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2007.75
2007
Journal Article
Precipitation of gold by the reaction of aqueous gold(III) chloride with cyanobacteria at 25-80 degrees C - Studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Lengke, Maggy F., Ravel, Bruce, Fleet, Michael E., Wanger, Gregory, Gordon, Robert A. and Southam, Gordon (2007). Precipitation of gold by the reaction of aqueous gold(III) chloride with cyanobacteria at 25-80 degrees C - Studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 85 (10), 651-659. doi: 10.1139/V07-024
2007
Conference Publication
Mineralogical, chemical and biological characterization of an anaerobic biofilm collected from a borehole in a deep gold mine in South Africa
MacLean, L. C. W., Pray, T. J., Onstott, T. C., Brodie, E. L., Hazen, T. C. and Southam, G. (2007). Mineralogical, chemical and biological characterization of an anaerobic biofilm collected from a borehole in a deep gold mine in South Africa. Philadelphia, PA United States: Taylor and Francis. doi: 10.1080/01490450701572416
2007
Journal Article
Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles by reaction of filamentous cyanobacterial biomass with a palladium(II) chloride complex
Lengke, Maggy F., Fleet, Michael E. and Southam, Gordon (2007). Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles by reaction of filamentous cyanobacterial biomass with a palladium(II) chloride complex. Langmuir, 23 (17), 8982-8987. doi: 10.1021/la7012446
2007
Conference Publication
FUEL 42-Comparison of carbon surface modification chemistries for nanoparticle based cell delivery
MacLean, Lachlan, Wirick, Sue, Jacobsen, Chris, Ravel, Bruce D. and Southam, Gordon (2007). FUEL 42-Comparison of carbon surface modification chemistries for nanoparticle based cell delivery. 233rd National Meeting of the Cellulose-and-Renewable-Materials-Division of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS), Chicago Il, Mar 25-29, 2007. WASHINGTON: AMER CHEMICAL SOC.
2007
Journal Article
The geology and habitability of terrestrial planets: fundamental requirements for life
Southam, G., Rothschild, L. J. and Westall, F. (2007). The geology and habitability of terrestrial planets: fundamental requirements for life. Space Science Reviews, 129 (1-3), 7-34. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9148-8
2007
Journal Article
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by filamentous cyanobacteria from a silver(I) nitrate complex
Lengke, Maggy F., Fleet, Michael E. and Southam, Gordon (2007). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by filamentous cyanobacteria from a silver(I) nitrate complex. Langmuir, 23 (5), 2694-2699. doi: 10.1021/la0613124
2007
Book Chapter
10.12 - Geology, Life and Habitability
Southam, G. and Westall, F. (2007). 10.12 - Geology, Life and Habitability. Treatise on Geophysics: Volume 1-10. (pp. 421-437) Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00164-4
2007
Conference Publication
The geology and habitability of terrestrial planets: fundamental requirements for life
Southam, G., Rothschild, L. J. and Westall, F. (2007). The geology and habitability of terrestrial planets: fundamental requirements for life. Workshop on Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets, Bern, Switzerland, 05-09 September 2005. New York, USA: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-74288-5_2
2007
Journal Article
The deposition of elemental gold from gold(I)-thiosulfate complexes mediated by sulfate-reducing bacterial conditions
Lengke, Maggy F. and Southam, Gordon (2007). The deposition of elemental gold from gold(I)-thiosulfate complexes mediated by sulfate-reducing bacterial conditions. Economic Geology, 102 (1), 109-126. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.102.1.109
2006
Journal Article
Erratum: Implications of a 3.472-3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences (2006) 361, (1857-1875) DOI:10.1098/rstb.2006.1896)
Westall, Frances, De Ronde, Cornel E. J., Southam, Gordon, Grassineau, Nathalie, Colas, Maggy, Cockell, Charles and Lammer, Helmut (2006). Erratum: Implications of a 3.472-3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences (2006) 361, (1857-1875) DOI:10.1098/rstb.2006.1896). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361 (1476). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1896
2006
Journal Article
Bioaccumulation of gold by filamentous cyanobacteria between 25 and 200 degrees C
Lengke, Maggy F., Fleet, Michael E. and Southam, Gordon (2006). Bioaccumulation of gold by filamentous cyanobacteria between 25 and 200 degrees C. Geomicrobiology Journal, 23 (8), 591-597. doi: 10.1080/01490450600964326
2006
Conference Publication
Implications of a 3.472-3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth
Westall, Frances, de Ronde, Cornel E. J., Southam, Gordon, Grassineau, Nathalie, Colas, Maggy, Cockell, Charles S. and Lammer, Helmut (2006). Implications of a 3.472-3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth. ROYAL SOC. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1896
Funding
Current funding
Past funding
Supervision
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
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Supervision history
Current supervision
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Alternative uses of mine influenced water
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Mandana Shaygan, Professor Mansour Edraki
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Doctor Philosophy
Acid Mine Drainage Passive Treatment Method Using Hyperaccumulator Plants for Post Mining Rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Denys Villa Gomez, Professor Peter Erskine
Completed supervision
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Understanding the microbiology behind transformation of coal mine spoils to soils, in the Bowen Basin
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Paul Evans
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Biochemical processes occuring in kimberlite: True lithotrophy
Principal Advisor
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Harnessing microbial processes to accelerate the transformation of coal spoils to functional soils
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Erskine, Dr Paul Evans
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2023
Doctor Philosophy
Biologically enhanced mineral carbonation of kimberlite as a strategy to create a carbon neutral mine
Principal Advisor
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Development of ferruginous duricrusts (canga) in tropical iron ore systems
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
The role of primary producers in surface evolution of iron-rich duricrust (canga)
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Kopittke
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2019
Doctor Philosophy
Selective colonisation of metal sulphides and the effect of bioleaching
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial carbonation in natural and engineered environments
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Gregory Webb
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2016
Doctor Philosophy
Coal mine microbial communities and biogenic methane cycling
Principal Advisor
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial sulfur oxidation driven mineral weathering in alkaline iron ore tailings
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Improving biogeochemical properties and pioneer plant growth in alkaline iron ore tailings undergoing soil formation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Geochemical investigation of abandoned tungsten mining wastes for metal recovery and rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Mansour Edraki
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Strategies for nickel and cobalt recovery from mine-impacted water using sulfate-reducing bacteria
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Associate Professor James Vaughan, Dr Denys Villa Gomez
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Characteristics of hardpans capping sulfidic Cu-Pb-Zn tailings and potential roles of mineral bio-weathering
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Characterization of South Australian microbialites with emphasis on the identification of geochemical signatures
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Honorary Professor Robert Burne, Professor Gregory Webb
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Phosphate-induced hydrogeochemical stabilisation of sulphidic lead-zinc tailings for rapid phytostabilisation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Paleoenvironmental Evolution of Continental Landscapes Through Combined High-Resolution Geochronology and d18O Ion Microprobe Analysis of Goethite
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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