
Overview
Background
Professor Southam is a Professor in Geomicrobiology. He is an interdisciplinary researcher who crosses the traditional boundaries between biological and geological sciences to examine bacterial transformations of materials composing the earth’s crust, and the impact these transformations have had over geologic time. Field sites have ranged from Yellostone National Park, to Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high arctic, to the ultradeep gold mines in the Republic of Southam Africa (up to 4 km below land surface, to the Amazon Basin. Following his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in Geomicrobiology and Director of Environment and Sustainability at Western University, Canada, Dr. Southam has moved to the University of Queensland where he is leading projects on:
Mineral carbonation, using acid generating bacteria to enhance weathering of ultramafic mine waste, promoting mineral carbonation (CO2 sequestration);
Bioremediation of iron mine sites, by enhancing the biogeochemical cycling of iron to promote the formation of ferruginous duricrusts (canga), and
Bioleaching, focussing on low-grade copper in arid through tropical ecosystems (Australia and Brazil);
Gold exploration, examining the fundamental roles that bacteria play in catalysing the formation of placer gold.
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
Qualifications
- Bachelor (Honours) of Science (Advanced), University of Guelph
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Guelph
Research interests
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Life in Extreme Environments / Bacterial Fossilisation
The growth of bacteria in extreme environments combined with their metal-reactive cell envelopes often results in their fossilization in these environments. The preservation of cellular and molecular biomarkers in ancients Earth systems can teach us about the evolution of life on Earth and their influence on lithosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere system processes. The diversity of life’s extremes is also intriguing with the respect to the possibility of life occurring elsewhere in the solar system, e.g., Mars. Current research is improving our understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for fossilisation in contemporary and ancient Earth environments, e.g., the biooxidation of iron and subsequent per-mineralization in arid, acid environments.
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Bioleaching
Present day mining operations have reached geological scales. Entire mountains are being mined, crushed, sorted, transported, smelted, and consumed by an ever-increasing human population. In parallel, new landscapes are being created with the waste products, often low-grade or lesser-quality ores. Extracting resources from these low-grade ores presents major challenges that we propose to address by determining the critical steps controlling the biooxidation of copper sulphides, in particular, chalcopyrite. The solubilisation, speciation, fractionation and precipitation of many metals and metal ions are directly and indirectly influenced by microbial activity (Southam & Saunders, 2005). The significance of microbial catalysis is highlighted in Enders et al. (2006) where we demonstrated the role of bacteria in the supergene weathering of Fe and Cu at Morenci, AZ, the largest copper mine in North America, producing 1,000 tonnes of Cu/day through bacterial leaching. The biogeochemical oxidation of iron and sulphur in pyrite enhances the dissolution of copper, which can lead to supergene enrichment over geologic time scales (Enders et al., 2006) and can be exploited for the recovery of Cu through bioleaching.
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Canga
Supergene enriched iron-ore deposits are typically protected by a goethite-cemented ferruginous duricrust layer referred to as canga. The formation of canga horizons has been linked to the biogeochemical cycling of iron. Incredibly, no work on the biogeochemistry of canga has been done. These supergene Fe-ore systems are actively forming in the tropics by weathering of banded iron formations. Canga forms extensive deposits blanketing ancient erosion surfaces, is tough, moderately hard, well consolidated, permeable and very resistant to erosion and chemical weathering, protecting the relatively soft enriched iron ore below. This protective canga horizon is therefore, essential to supergene iron ore enrichment and formation of high-grade iron ore. Canga hosts unique, endemic open herbaceous-shrubs, dominated by hemicryptophytes that are in dramatic contrast to the surrounding vegetation, especially in the Carajás and Quadrilátero Ferrífero regions of Brazil where tropical rainforests surrounds these ‘islands’ of canga. Effective restoration of mined iron sites to re-establish these unique ecosystems requires the re-precipitation of canga, a process never previously attempted. Studying the biology of these systems, i.e., the biogeochemical cycling of iron and the identification of novel biotechnologically important organisms is essential for the success of this project.
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Gold
Gold is a relatively inert metal, yet it is often found as concentrated placer deposits. These deposits are unusual because the gold nuggets recovered from them can be larger than the gold found in the source rock. Using gold-thiosulfate, the gold complex important in base metal sulphide systems, we demonstrated that thiosulfate-oxidising and thiosulfate-reducing bacteria can produce octahedral gold, similar to the interaction between bacteria and gold(III)-chloride complexes. Synchrotron results have begun to elucidate the mechanism of octahedral gold formation, demonstrating that organosulphur-Au(I) compounds are the intermediate complex produced during the reaction between bacteria and gold(III) chloride. Both complexes are important to the biogeochemical cycling of gold in natural systems. Recent evidence of biofilms on gold grains demonstrates that biogeochemical processing of gold is occurring in nature and is therefore, fundamentally important to mineral exploration programs.
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Mineral Carbonation
Ultramafic and mafic mine tailings are a potentially valuable feedstock for carbon mineralization that should be used to offset carbon emissions generated by mining. Passive carbon mineralization is occurring at the abandoned Clinton Creek asbestos mine, and the active Diavik diamond and Mount Keith nickel mines. Microbially mediated processes have the potential to accelerate carbon mineralization to create economically viable, large-scale carbon dioxide fixation technologies that can operate at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Bioleaching of magnesium silicates (serpentine, olivine); increasing the supply of CO2 via heterotrophic oxidation of waste organics; and biologically induced carbonate precipitation, as well as enhancing passive carbonation through tailings management practices and use of CO2 point sources. With the aim of developing carbon-neutral mines, tailings storage facilities could be geoengineered as habitats for microbial communities that accelerate carbon mineralization.
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Methanogenesis
The methanogenesis project aims to determine how microorganisms degrade coal and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing biogenic methane from waste coal in an abandoned mine. Through this project, we will conduct a microbial survey of at least two Bowen Basin coal mines to identify the organisms that thrive where coal is the sole source of organic carbon. The future methane production of these mines will be determined in a laboratory trial using two different chemical regimes, one possessing a gradient from aerobic to anaerobic conditions and in the other solely anaerobic. Finally, coal will be separated into physical and chemical fractions to determine why coal degradation by anaerobic organisms is limited by the hydrolysis step during methane production.
Works
Search Professor Gordon Southam’s works on UQ eSpace
2022
Journal Article
Cation exchange in smectites as a new approach to mineral carbonation
Zeyen, Nina, Wang, Baolin, Wilson, Siobhan A., Paulo, Carlos, Stubbs, Amanda R., Power, Ian M., Steele-Maclnnis, Matthew, Lanzirotti, Antonio, Newville, Matthew, Paterson, David J., Hamilton, Jessica L., Jones, Thomas R., Turvey, Connor C., Dipple, Gregory M. and Southam, Gordon (2022). Cation exchange in smectites as a new approach to mineral carbonation. Frontiers in Climate, 4 913632, 1-21. doi: 10.3389/fclim.2022.913632
2022
Journal Article
Microbial community structure is most strongly associated with geographical distance and pH in salt lake sediments
Santini, Talitha C., Gramenz, Lucy, Southam, Gordon and Zammit, Carla (2022). Microbial community structure is most strongly associated with geographical distance and pH in salt lake sediments. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13 920056, 1-15. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.920056
2022
Journal Article
Laboratory-based bacterial weathering of the Merensky reef and its impact on platinum group mineral migration
Tan, Ling, Jones, Thomas, Xie, Jianping, Liu, Xinxing and Southam, Gordon (2022). Laboratory-based bacterial weathering of the Merensky reef and its impact on platinum group mineral migration. Economic Geology, 117 (4), 801-812. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.4893
2022
Other Outputs
Review of mineral processing technologies suitable for arsenic recovery from sulphidic ores and wastes
e Abreu, Susana Brito, Southam, Gordon, Villa Gomez, Denys, Ma, Xiaodong, Vaughan, James, Micklethwaite, Steven, Forbes, Liza and Parbhakar-Fox, Anita (2022). Review of mineral processing technologies suitable for arsenic recovery from sulphidic ores and wastes. Brisbane, QLD Australia: The University of Queensland.
2022
Journal Article
Review on metal extraction technologies suitable for critical metal recovery from mining and processing wastes
Whitworth, Anne J, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, van der Ent, Antony, Nkrumah, Philip N, Ma, Xiaodong and Parbhakar-Fox, Anita (2022). Review on metal extraction technologies suitable for critical metal recovery from mining and processing wastes. Minerals Engineering, 182 107537, 107537. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107537
2022
Journal Article
Preservation of terrestrial microorganisms and organics within alteration products of chondritic meteorites from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia
Tait, Alastair W., Wilson, Siobhan A., Tomkins, Andrew G., Hamilton, Jessica L., Gagen, Emma J., Holman, Alex I., Grice, Kliti, Preston, Louisa J., Paterson, David J. and Southam, Gordon (2022). Preservation of terrestrial microorganisms and organics within alteration products of chondritic meteorites from the Nullarbor Plain, Australia. Astrobiology, 22 (4), 399-415. doi: 10.1089/ast.2020.2387
2022
Journal Article
Predicted CO2 water rock reactions in naturally altered CO2 storage reservoir sandstones, with interbedded cemented and coaly mudstone seals
Pearce, J.K., Dawson, G.W., Golding, S.D., Southam, G., Paterson, D.J., Brink, F. and Underschultz, J.R. (2022). Predicted CO2 water rock reactions in naturally altered CO2 storage reservoir sandstones, with interbedded cemented and coaly mudstone seals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 253 103966, 103966. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2022.103966
2022
Journal Article
Evaluation of operating conditions on sulfate reduction from acidic wastewater in a fixed-bed bioreactor
Hernández, Pedro, Recio, Gonzalo, Canales, Christian, Schwarz, Alex, Villa-Gomez, Denys, Southam, Gordon and Nancucheo, Ivan (2022). Evaluation of operating conditions on sulfate reduction from acidic wastewater in a fixed-bed bioreactor. Minerals Engineering, 177 107370, 107370. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107370
2022
Journal Article
Core characterisation and predicted CO2 reactivity of sandstones and mudstones from an Australian oil field
Pearce, J.K., Brink, F., Dawson, G.W., Poitras, J., Southam, G., Paterson, D.J., Wolhuter, A. and Underschultz, J.R. (2022). Core characterisation and predicted CO2 reactivity of sandstones and mudstones from an Australian oil field. International Journal of Coal Geology, 250 103911, 103911. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2021.103911
2022
Conference Publication
Microbial CO2 removal into carbonate sediments using cation exchange leachates from kimberlite mine residues — results from Project CarbonVault
Zeyen, Nina, Wang, Baolin, Wilson, Siobhan, Russell, Wyatt, Arizaleta, Maria, Janzen, Jared, Evans, Sydney, Paulo, Carlos, Power, Ian, Stubbs, Amanda, Jones, Thomas, Senzani, Khangeziwe, Ndlovu, Senzeni, Vietti, Andrew and Southam, Gordon (2022). Microbial CO2 removal into carbonate sediments using cation exchange leachates from kimberlite mine residues — results from Project CarbonVault. Goldschmidt 2022, Honolulu, HI, United States, 10 - 15 July 2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry. doi: 10.46427/gold2022.10973
2022
Conference Publication
The critical role of bacteria in mineral carbonation of kimberlite
Southam, Gordon, Jones, Thomas, Poitras, Jordan, Wilson, Siobhan, Ndlovu, Senzeni, Vietti, Andrew, Senzani, Khange and Paterson, David (2022). The critical role of bacteria in mineral carbonation of kimberlite. Goldschmidt 2022, Honolulu, HI, United States, 10 - 15 July 2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry. doi: 10.46427/gold2022.11771
2022
Conference Publication
Investigating microbially-mediated mineral carbonation during acid leaching of processed kimberlites: results from project CarbonVault
Wang, Baolin, Zeyen, Nina, Arizaleta, Maria, Wilson, Siobhan, Paulo, Carlos, Power, Ian, Stubbs, Amanda, Senzani, Khangeziwe, Ndlovu, Senzeni, Vietti, Andrew, Jones, Thomas and Southam, Gordon (2022). Investigating microbially-mediated mineral carbonation during acid leaching of processed kimberlites: results from project CarbonVault. Goldschmidt 2022, Honolulu, HI, United States, 10 - 15 July 2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry. doi: 10.46427/gold2022.11328
2022
Conference Publication
Transition metal mobility and recoverability from weathered serpentinite and serpentinite skarn tailings from Lord Brassey Mine, Australia and Record Ridge, British Columbia, Canada
Honda-McNeil, Makoto, Wilson, Siobhan, Locock, Andrew, Mililli, Benjamin, Zeyen, Nina, Wang, Baolin, Turvey, Connor, Vessey, Colton, Patel, Avni, Hamilton, Jessica, Howard, Daryl, Paterson, David, Southam, Gordon, Poitras, Jordan, Jones, Thomas and Jowitt, Simon (2022). Transition metal mobility and recoverability from weathered serpentinite and serpentinite skarn tailings from Lord Brassey Mine, Australia and Record Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Goldschmidt 2022, Honolulu, HI, United States, 10 - 15 July 2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry. doi: 10.46427/gold2022.9650
2021
Conference Publication
Acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidising bacteria driven primary mineral weathering and secondary mineral formation in Fe ore tailings
Yi, Qing, Wu, Songlin, Southam, Gordon and Huang, Longbin (2021). Acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidising bacteria driven primary mineral weathering and secondary mineral formation in Fe ore tailings. ANSTO User Meeting 2021, Melbourne, VIC Australia, 24-26 November 2021.
2021
Journal Article
Chemodiversity of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Molecular Changes Driven by Rhizosphere Activities in Fe Ore Tailings Undergoing Eco-Engineered Pedogenesis
Wu, Songlin, You, Fang, Boughton, Berin, Liu, Yunjia, Nguyen, Tuan A. H., Wykes, Jeremy, Southam, Gordon, Robertson, Lachlan M., Chan, Ting-Shan, Lu, Ying-Rui, Lutz, Adrian, Yu, Dingyi, Yi, Qing, Saha, Narottam and Huang, Longbin (2021). Chemodiversity of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Molecular Changes Driven by Rhizosphere Activities in Fe Ore Tailings Undergoing Eco-Engineered Pedogenesis. Environmental Science & Technology, 55 (19) acs.est.1c04527, 13045-13060. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04527
2021
Journal Article
Biologically facilitated precipitation of metals in low-Fe waters at the sulphidic Mount Chalmers mine, Queensland, Australia
Henne, Anicia, Craw, Dave, Gagen, Emma and Southam, Gordon (2021). Biologically facilitated precipitation of metals in low-Fe waters at the sulphidic Mount Chalmers mine, Queensland, Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 136 104238, 104238. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104238
2021
Journal Article
A sequential bioreactor adaption strategy enhanced the precipitation of metals from tailings’ leachates
Villa Gomez, D.K., Serrano, A., Peces, M., Ryan, B., Hofmann, H. and Southam, G. (2021). A sequential bioreactor adaption strategy enhanced the precipitation of metals from tailings’ leachates. Minerals Engineering, 170 107051, 107051. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107051
2021
Journal Article
Ferrugination of biocrusts grown on crushed ferricrete: potential for slope stabilisation
Paz, Anat, Gagen, Emma J., Levett, Alan and Southam, Gordon (2021). Ferrugination of biocrusts grown on crushed ferricrete: potential for slope stabilisation. Ore Geology Reviews, 135 104239, 104239. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104239
2021
Conference Publication
Alkaline pH neutralisation and mineral weathering in Fe ore tailings driven by an acidophilic iron and sulfur oxidising bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Yi, Qing, Wu, Songlin, Huang, Longbin and Southam, Gordon (2021). Alkaline pH neutralisation and mineral weathering in Fe ore tailings driven by an acidophilic iron and sulfur oxidising bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Goldschmidt2021, Online, 4-9 July 2021. doi: 10.7185/gold2021.4394
2021
Conference Publication
Growth of indigenous bacteria from mine tailings: Implications for bioleaching for cobalt recovery
Mukhopadhyay, Deb, Jones, Tom, Parbhakar-Fox, Anita and Southam, Gordon (2021). Growth of indigenous bacteria from mine tailings: Implications for bioleaching for cobalt recovery. 10th Australian Workshop on Acid and Metalliferous Drainage, Online, 22 – 25 June 2021. Brisbane, QLD Australia: Sustainable Minerals Institute.
Funding
Current funding
Past funding
Supervision
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
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Supervision history
Current supervision
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
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Doctor Philosophy
Acid Mine Drainage Passive Treatment Method Using Hyperaccumulator Plants for Post Mining Rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Denys Villa Gomez, Professor Peter Erskine
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Doctor Philosophy
Alternative uses of mine influenced water
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Mandana Shaygan, Professor Mansour Edraki
Completed supervision
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Understanding the microbiology behind transformation of coal mine spoils to soils, in the Bowen Basin
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Paul Evans
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Biochemical processes occuring in kimberlite: True lithotrophy
Principal Advisor
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2024
Doctor Philosophy
Harnessing microbial processes to accelerate the transformation of coal spoils to functional soils
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Erskine, Dr Paul Evans
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2023
Doctor Philosophy
Biologically enhanced mineral carbonation of kimberlite as a strategy to create a carbon neutral mine
Principal Advisor
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Development of ferruginous duricrusts (canga) in tropical iron ore systems
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
The role of primary producers in surface evolution of iron-rich duricrust (canga)
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Kopittke
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2019
Doctor Philosophy
Selective colonisation of metal sulphides and the effect of bioleaching
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial carbonation in natural and engineered environments
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Gregory Webb
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2016
Doctor Philosophy
Coal mine microbial communities and biogenic methane cycling
Principal Advisor
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial sulfur oxidation driven mineral weathering in alkaline iron ore tailings
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Improving biogeochemical properties and pioneer plant growth in alkaline iron ore tailings undergoing soil formation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
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2022
Doctor Philosophy
Geochemical investigation of abandoned tungsten mining wastes for metal recovery and rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Mansour Edraki
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Strategies for nickel and cobalt recovery from mine-impacted water using sulfate-reducing bacteria
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Associate Professor James Vaughan, Dr Denys Villa Gomez
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2020
Doctor Philosophy
Characteristics of hardpans capping sulfidic Cu-Pb-Zn tailings and potential roles of mineral bio-weathering
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Characterization of South Australian microbialites with emphasis on the identification of geochemical signatures
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Honorary Professor Robert Burne, Professor Gregory Webb
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2018
Doctor Philosophy
Phosphate-induced hydrogeochemical stabilisation of sulphidic lead-zinc tailings for rapid phytostabilisation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
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2017
Doctor Philosophy
Paleoenvironmental Evolution of Continental Landscapes Through Combined High-Resolution Geochronology and d18O Ion Microprobe Analysis of Goethite
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
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