
Overview
Background
Professor Southam is a Professor in Geomicrobiology. He is an interdisciplinary researcher who crosses the traditional boundaries between biological and geological sciences to examine bacterial transformations of materials composing the earth’s crust, and the impact these transformations have had over geologic time. Field sites have ranged from Yellostone National Park, to Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high arctic, to the ultradeep gold mines in the Republic of Southam Africa (up to 4 km below land surface, to the Amazon Basin. Following his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in Geomicrobiology and Director of Environment and Sustainability at Western University, Canada, Dr. Southam has moved to the University of Queensland where he is leading projects on:
Mineral carbonation, using acid generating bacteria to enhance weathering of ultramafic mine waste, promoting mineral carbonation (CO2 sequestration);
Bioremediation of iron mine sites, by enhancing the biogeochemical cycling of iron to promote the formation of ferruginous duricrusts (canga), and
Bioleaching, focussing on low-grade copper in arid through tropical ecosystems (Australia and Brazil);
Gold exploration, examining the fundamental roles that bacteria play in catalysing the formation of placer gold.
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
Qualifications
- Bachelor (Honours) of Science (Advanced), University of Guelph
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Guelph
Research interests
-
Life in Extreme Environments / Bacterial Fossilisation
The growth of bacteria in extreme environments combined with their metal-reactive cell envelopes often results in their fossilization in these environments. The preservation of cellular and molecular biomarkers in ancients Earth systems can teach us about the evolution of life on Earth and their influence on lithosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere system processes. The diversity of life’s extremes is also intriguing with the respect to the possibility of life occurring elsewhere in the solar system, e.g., Mars. Current research is improving our understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for fossilisation in contemporary and ancient Earth environments, e.g., the biooxidation of iron and subsequent per-mineralization in arid, acid environments.
-
Bioleaching
Present day mining operations have reached geological scales. Entire mountains are being mined, crushed, sorted, transported, smelted, and consumed by an ever-increasing human population. In parallel, new landscapes are being created with the waste products, often low-grade or lesser-quality ores. Extracting resources from these low-grade ores presents major challenges that we propose to address by determining the critical steps controlling the biooxidation of copper sulphides, in particular, chalcopyrite. The solubilisation, speciation, fractionation and precipitation of many metals and metal ions are directly and indirectly influenced by microbial activity (Southam & Saunders, 2005). The significance of microbial catalysis is highlighted in Enders et al. (2006) where we demonstrated the role of bacteria in the supergene weathering of Fe and Cu at Morenci, AZ, the largest copper mine in North America, producing 1,000 tonnes of Cu/day through bacterial leaching. The biogeochemical oxidation of iron and sulphur in pyrite enhances the dissolution of copper, which can lead to supergene enrichment over geologic time scales (Enders et al., 2006) and can be exploited for the recovery of Cu through bioleaching.
-
Canga
Supergene enriched iron-ore deposits are typically protected by a goethite-cemented ferruginous duricrust layer referred to as canga. The formation of canga horizons has been linked to the biogeochemical cycling of iron. Incredibly, no work on the biogeochemistry of canga has been done. These supergene Fe-ore systems are actively forming in the tropics by weathering of banded iron formations. Canga forms extensive deposits blanketing ancient erosion surfaces, is tough, moderately hard, well consolidated, permeable and very resistant to erosion and chemical weathering, protecting the relatively soft enriched iron ore below. This protective canga horizon is therefore, essential to supergene iron ore enrichment and formation of high-grade iron ore. Canga hosts unique, endemic open herbaceous-shrubs, dominated by hemicryptophytes that are in dramatic contrast to the surrounding vegetation, especially in the Carajás and Quadrilátero Ferrífero regions of Brazil where tropical rainforests surrounds these ‘islands’ of canga. Effective restoration of mined iron sites to re-establish these unique ecosystems requires the re-precipitation of canga, a process never previously attempted. Studying the biology of these systems, i.e., the biogeochemical cycling of iron and the identification of novel biotechnologically important organisms is essential for the success of this project.
-
Gold
Gold is a relatively inert metal, yet it is often found as concentrated placer deposits. These deposits are unusual because the gold nuggets recovered from them can be larger than the gold found in the source rock. Using gold-thiosulfate, the gold complex important in base metal sulphide systems, we demonstrated that thiosulfate-oxidising and thiosulfate-reducing bacteria can produce octahedral gold, similar to the interaction between bacteria and gold(III)-chloride complexes. Synchrotron results have begun to elucidate the mechanism of octahedral gold formation, demonstrating that organosulphur-Au(I) compounds are the intermediate complex produced during the reaction between bacteria and gold(III) chloride. Both complexes are important to the biogeochemical cycling of gold in natural systems. Recent evidence of biofilms on gold grains demonstrates that biogeochemical processing of gold is occurring in nature and is therefore, fundamentally important to mineral exploration programs.
-
Mineral Carbonation
Ultramafic and mafic mine tailings are a potentially valuable feedstock for carbon mineralization that should be used to offset carbon emissions generated by mining. Passive carbon mineralization is occurring at the abandoned Clinton Creek asbestos mine, and the active Diavik diamond and Mount Keith nickel mines. Microbially mediated processes have the potential to accelerate carbon mineralization to create economically viable, large-scale carbon dioxide fixation technologies that can operate at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Bioleaching of magnesium silicates (serpentine, olivine); increasing the supply of CO2 via heterotrophic oxidation of waste organics; and biologically induced carbonate precipitation, as well as enhancing passive carbonation through tailings management practices and use of CO2 point sources. With the aim of developing carbon-neutral mines, tailings storage facilities could be geoengineered as habitats for microbial communities that accelerate carbon mineralization.
-
Methanogenesis
The methanogenesis project aims to determine how microorganisms degrade coal and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing biogenic methane from waste coal in an abandoned mine. Through this project, we will conduct a microbial survey of at least two Bowen Basin coal mines to identify the organisms that thrive where coal is the sole source of organic carbon. The future methane production of these mines will be determined in a laboratory trial using two different chemical regimes, one possessing a gradient from aerobic to anaerobic conditions and in the other solely anaerobic. Finally, coal will be separated into physical and chemical fractions to determine why coal degradation by anaerobic organisms is limited by the hydrolysis step during methane production.
Works
Search Professor Gordon Southam’s works on UQ eSpace
2021
Journal Article
Bioaugmentation with Acidithiobacillus species accelerates mineral weathering and formation of secondary mineral cements for hardpan development in sulfidic Pb-Zn tailings
Liu, Yunjia, Wu, Songlin, Southam, Gordon, Chan, Ting-Shan, Lu, Ying-Rui, Paterson, David J. and Huang, Longbin (2021). Bioaugmentation with Acidithiobacillus species accelerates mineral weathering and formation of secondary mineral cements for hardpan development in sulfidic Pb-Zn tailings. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 411 124988, 124988. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124988
2021
Journal Article
Strategising the bioremediation of Brazilian iron ore mines
Levett, Alan, Gagen, Emma, Paz, Anat, Vasconcelos, Paulo and Southam, Gordon (2021). Strategising the bioremediation of Brazilian iron ore mines. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 52 (15), 2749-2771. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2021.1896346
2021
Journal Article
Textures and mineralogy of residual supergene copper silicates in oxidised overburden
Henne, Anicia, Craw, Dave, Paterson, David and Southam, Gordon (2021). Textures and mineralogy of residual supergene copper silicates in oxidised overburden. Minerals Engineering, 163 106775, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106775
2021
Journal Article
Rhizosphere drives biotite-like mineral weathering and secondary Fe–Si mineral formation in Fe Ore tailings
Wu, Songlin, Liu, Yunjia, Southam, Gordon, Robertson, Lachlan M., Wykes, Jeremy, Yi, Qing, Hall, Merinda, Li, Zhen, Sun, Qiang, Saha, Narottam, Chan, Ting-Shan, Lu, Ying-Rui and Huang, Longbin (2021). Rhizosphere drives biotite-like mineral weathering and secondary Fe–Si mineral formation in Fe Ore tailings. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5 (3) acsearthspacechem.0c00331, 618-631. doi: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00331
2021
Journal Article
Biogeochemical formation of metalliferous laminations in surficial environments
Henne, Anicia, Craw, Dave, Hamilton, Jessica, Paz, Anat, Kerr, Gemma, Paterson, David, Shuster, Jeremiah and Southam, Gordon (2021). Biogeochemical formation of metalliferous laminations in surficial environments. Mineralogical Magazine, 85 (1), 49-67. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.8
2021
Journal Article
Acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, drives alkaline pH neutralization and mineral weathering in Fe ore tailings
Yi, Qing, Wu, Songlin, Southam, Gordon, Robertson, Lachlan, You, Fang, Liu, Yunjia, Wang, Sicheng, Saha, Narottam, Webb, Richard, Wykes, Jeremy, Chan, Ting-Shan, Lu, Ying-Rui and Huang, Longbin (2021). Acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, drives alkaline pH neutralization and mineral weathering in Fe ore tailings. Environmental Science and Technology, 55 (12), 8020-8034. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00848
2021
Conference Publication
Transition metal mobility and recovery from weathered serpentinite and serpentinite skarn tailings from Lord Brassey Mine, Australia and Record Ridge, British Columbia, Canada
Honda-McNeil, Makoto, Wang, Baolin, Wilson, Siobhan, Mililli, Benjamin, Zeyen, Nina, Turvey, Connor, Vessey, Colton, Patel, Avni, Locock, Andrew, Hamilton, Jessica, Paterson, David, Southam, Gordon, Poitras, Jordan, Jones, Thomas and Jowitt, Simon (2021). Transition metal mobility and recovery from weathered serpentinite and serpentinite skarn tailings from Lord Brassey Mine, Australia and Record Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Goldschmidt 2021, Virtual, Global, 4 - 9 July 2021. Paris, France: European Association of Geochemistry. doi: 10.7185/gold2021.4827
2021
Journal Article
Titanium mobility preserved in association with microfossils in an iron-rich duricrust capping an iron ore deposit
Levett, Alan, Vasconcelos, Paulo M., Jones, Michael M. W., Rintoul, Llew, Paz, Anat, Gagen, Emma J. and Southam, Gordon (2021). Titanium mobility preserved in association with microfossils in an iron-rich duricrust capping an iron ore deposit. Chemical Geology, 559 119955, 119955. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119955
2021
Journal Article
Carbon accounting of mined landscapes, and deployment of a geochemical treatment system for enhanced weathering at Woodsreef Chrysotile Mine, NSW, Australia
Hamilton, J. L., Wilson, S. A., Turvey, C. C., Morgan, B., Tait, A. W., McCutcheon, J., Fallon, S. J. and Southam, G. (2021). Carbon accounting of mined landscapes, and deployment of a geochemical treatment system for enhanced weathering at Woodsreef Chrysotile Mine, NSW, Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 220 106655, 106655. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106655
2020
Journal Article
A column leaching model of low-grade chalcopyrite ore: mineral preferences and chemical reactivity
Bostelmann, Heike and Southam, Gordon (2020). A column leaching model of low-grade chalcopyrite ore: mineral preferences and chemical reactivity. Minerals, 10 (12) 1132, 1-14. doi: 10.3390/min10121132
2020
Journal Article
The influence of metal mobility on resource potential in circumneutral pH iron-rich copper mine waste rocks
Henne, Anicia, Hamilton, Jessica, Craw, Dave, Paterson, David and Southam, Gordon (2020). The influence of metal mobility on resource potential in circumneutral pH iron-rich copper mine waste rocks. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 219 106632, 106632. doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106632
2020
Journal Article
Toward Closing a Loophole: Recovering Rare Earth Elements from Uranium Metallurgical Process Tailings
Vaughan, James , Tungpalan, Kate , Parbhakar-Fox, Anita , Fu, Weng, Gagen, Emma , Nti Nkrumah, Philip , Southam, Gordon, van der Ent, Antony, Erskine, Peter, Gow, Paul and Valenta, Rick (2020). Toward Closing a Loophole: Recovering Rare Earth Elements from Uranium Metallurgical Process Tailings. JOM, 73 (1), 39-53. doi: 10.1007/s11837-020-04451-7
2020
Journal Article
Enhanced metal recovery by efficient agglomeration of precipitates in an up-flow fixed-bed bioreactor
Liu, Yun, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, Serrano, Antonio, Marcellin, Esteban, Nancucheo, Ivan and Villa-Gomez, Denys K. (2020). Enhanced metal recovery by efficient agglomeration of precipitates in an up-flow fixed-bed bioreactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 416 127662, 127662. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127662
2020
Journal Article
Biochemical synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: The influence of chemical fixatives used in electron microscopy on nanoparticle formatton and catalytic performance
Tan, Ling, Jones, Thomas, Poitras, Jordan, Xie, Jianping, Liu, Xinxing and Southam, Gordon (2020). Biochemical synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: The influence of chemical fixatives used in electron microscopy on nanoparticle formatton and catalytic performance. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 398 122945, 122945. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122945
2020
Journal Article
Accelerating microbial iron cycling promotes re‐cementation of surface crusts in iron ore regions
Gagen, Emma J., Levett, Alan, Paz, Anat, Bostelmann, Heike, Valadares, Rafael Borges da Silva, Bitencourt, José Augusto Pires, Gastauer, Markus, Nunes, Gisele Lopes, Oliveira, Guilherme, Vasconcelos, Paulo M., Tyson, Gene W. and Southam, Gordon (2020). Accelerating microbial iron cycling promotes re‐cementation of surface crusts in iron ore regions. Microbial Biotechnology, 13 (6) 1751-7915.13646, 1960-1971. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13646
2020
Journal Article
Biocement stabilization of an experimental-scale artificial slope and the reformation of iron-rich crusts
Levett, Alan, Gagen, Emma J., Zhao, Yitian, Vasconcelos, Paulo M. and Southam, Gordon (2020). Biocement stabilization of an experimental-scale artificial slope and the reformation of iron-rich crusts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (31), 18347-18354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2001740117
2020
Journal Article
Experimental simulations of bacterially-mediated magnetite oxidation and observations on ferricrete formation at the Salobo IOCG mine, Brazil
Henne, A., Craw, D., Gagen, E.J. and Southam, G. (2020). Experimental simulations of bacterially-mediated magnetite oxidation and observations on ferricrete formation at the Salobo IOCG mine, Brazil. Applied Geochemistry, 118 104628, 104628. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104628
2020
Journal Article
Nickel complexation as an innovative approach for nickel-cobalt selective recovery using sulfate-reducing bacteria
Liu, Yun, Serrano, Antonio, Wyman, Valentina, Marcellin, Esteban, Southam, Gordon, Vaughan, James and Villa-Gomez, Denys (2020). Nickel complexation as an innovative approach for nickel-cobalt selective recovery using sulfate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 402 123506, 123506. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123506
2020
Journal Article
Characterisation of iron oxide encrusted microbial fossils
Levett, Alan, Gagen, Emma J., Rintoul, Llew, Guagliardo, Paul, Diao, Hui, Vasconcelos, Paulo M. and Southam, Gordon (2020). Characterisation of iron oxide encrusted microbial fossils. Scientific Reports, 10 (1) 9889, 9889. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66830-z
2020
Conference Publication
Can mycorrhizal fungi stimulate mineral weathering and soil formation in Fe ore tailings?
Wu, Songlin, Liu, Yunjia, Huang, Longbin, Southam, Gordon, Nguyen, Tuan and You, Fang (2020). Can mycorrhizal fungi stimulate mineral weathering and soil formation in Fe ore tailings?. Goldschmidt2020, Online, 21 - 26 June 2020. Washington, DC United States: Geochemical Society and of the European Association of Geochemistry. doi: 10.46427/gold2020.2901
Funding
Current funding
Past funding
Supervision
Availability
- Professor Gordon Southam is:
- Available for supervision
Before you email them, read our advice on how to contact a supervisor.
Supervision history
Current supervision
-
Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
-
Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
-
Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
-
Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
-
Doctor Philosophy
Investigation of the interface between electrochemically-active microorganisms and metals
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Bernardino Virdis
-
Doctor Philosophy
Acid Mine Drainage Passive Treatment Method Using Hyperaccumulator Plants for Post Mining Rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Denys Villa Gomez, Professor Peter Erskine
-
Doctor Philosophy
Alternative uses of mine influenced water
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Mandana Shaygan, Professor Mansour Edraki
Completed supervision
-
2024
Doctor Philosophy
Understanding the microbiology behind transformation of coal mine spoils to soils, in the Bowen Basin
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Paul Evans
-
2024
Doctor Philosophy
Biochemical processes occuring in kimberlite: True lithotrophy
Principal Advisor
-
2024
Doctor Philosophy
Harnessing microbial processes to accelerate the transformation of coal spoils to functional soils
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Erskine, Dr Paul Evans
-
2023
Doctor Philosophy
Biologically enhanced mineral carbonation of kimberlite as a strategy to create a carbon neutral mine
Principal Advisor
-
-
2020
Doctor Philosophy
Development of ferruginous duricrusts (canga) in tropical iron ore systems
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
-
2020
Doctor Philosophy
The role of primary producers in surface evolution of iron-rich duricrust (canga)
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Peter Kopittke
-
2019
Doctor Philosophy
Selective colonisation of metal sulphides and the effect of bioleaching
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
-
2017
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial carbonation in natural and engineered environments
Principal Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Gregory Webb
-
2016
Doctor Philosophy
Coal mine microbial communities and biogenic methane cycling
Principal Advisor
-
2022
Doctor Philosophy
Microbial sulfur oxidation driven mineral weathering in alkaline iron ore tailings
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
-
2022
Doctor Philosophy
Improving biogeochemical properties and pioneer plant growth in alkaline iron ore tailings undergoing soil formation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Dr Fang You, Professor Longbin Huang
-
2022
Doctor Philosophy
Geochemical investigation of abandoned tungsten mining wastes for metal recovery and rehabilitation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Mansour Edraki
-
2020
Doctor Philosophy
Strategies for nickel and cobalt recovery from mine-impacted water using sulfate-reducing bacteria
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Associate Professor James Vaughan, Dr Denys Villa Gomez
-
2020
Doctor Philosophy
Characteristics of hardpans capping sulfidic Cu-Pb-Zn tailings and potential roles of mineral bio-weathering
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
-
2018
Doctor Philosophy
Characterization of South Australian microbialites with emphasis on the identification of geochemical signatures
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Honorary Professor Robert Burne, Professor Gregory Webb
-
2018
Doctor Philosophy
Phosphate-induced hydrogeochemical stabilisation of sulphidic lead-zinc tailings for rapid phytostabilisation
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Longbin Huang
-
2017
Doctor Philosophy
Paleoenvironmental Evolution of Continental Landscapes Through Combined High-Resolution Geochronology and d18O Ion Microprobe Analysis of Goethite
Associate Advisor
Other advisors: Professor Paulo Vasconcelos
Media
Enquiries
For media enquiries about Professor Gordon Southam's areas of expertise, story ideas and help finding experts, contact our Media team: