Kelvin Tuong

Developing single-cell analysis methods harnessing adaptive immune receptors

The direct linkage of adaptive immune receptor repertoire with cellular phenotypes from single-cell sequencing technology has proven to be a powerful tool in understanding lymphocyte development and function in healthy and disease contexts. Multi-omics analysis leverages data from different modalities e.g. transcriptomics, epigenetics, proteomics. Recent advances has successfully integrated the data modalities to study cellular biology at an unprecedented resolution. However, unlike the other data modalities, which are largely continuous data, single-cell adaptive immune receptor sequencing (scVDJ-seq) data are a mixture of categorical and continuous data which poses additional challenges for integration. It consists of annotations of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes, which are selected and recombined during B/T-cell development. The technology to profile this at the single cell level with paired gene expression data is relatively new. I have led the development of Dandelion, a scVDJ-seq software framework which has been used to deeply profile single-cell lymphocyte biology and I aim to expand on the its capabilities for immunology research.

Deep Learning of T-Cell Receptor Signatures for Monitoring Pediatric Cancer Immunity

T cells play a crucial role in recognizing and attacking cancer cells through their highly specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). These receptors carry detailed information about the immune system’s engagement with tumors, offering a rich but complex source of data for understanding immune responses in childhood cancers. This project focuses on developing deep learning models to decode TCR sequences, with the aim of identifying cancer-specific immune responses and predicting therapeutic outcomes in pediatric patients.

Using immune receptor sequencing data, we are characterizing the clonal landscape of T cells in children with cancers. By integrating this data, we aim to learn predictive features of TCR sequences associated with anti-tumor activity, treatment response, and disease progression. These models will be trained to recognize subtle sequence motifs, clonal expansions, and phenotype-receptor relationships that are often missed by conventional approaches.

A central goal of this project is to develop tools that allow for immune-based monitoring of pediatric cancers over time. By identifying cancer-associated TCRs, we aim to build sensitive and specific assays for early detection, residual disease tracking, and treatment monitoring. Ultimately, this work will help uncover how the developing immune system interacts with cancer and contribute to more personalized, immune-informed approaches to treating childhood cancers.

Building Australia’s Largest Single-Cell Atlas of the Pediatric Immune System

The immune system in early life undergoes rapid and unique developmental changes that are not well captured by adult immune profiling studies. This project aims to generate the most comprehensive single-cell atlas of the pediatric immune system in Australia, based on over 1,000 blood samples from both healthy children and those affected by various diseases, including immune disorders and infections.

We use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to capture the diversity of immune cells in unprecedented detail, allowing us to map how these cells evolve with age and in response to disease. Importantly, we are integrating scRNA-seq with adaptive immune receptor sequencing (scVDJ-seq) and clinical metadata to uncover how immune repertoires develop and function across different pediatric cohorts.

To analyze this complex dataset, we are developing advanced machine learning and deep learning frameworks capable of identifying age- and disease-specific immune states. We are also applying integrative computational approaches to connect transcriptional states with immune clonotypes and repertoire diversity. This atlas will serve as a key resource for pediatric immunology, providing foundational insights that can inform early diagnostics, vaccine strategies, and targeted therapies for children.

Profiling Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Immunity

This project aims to use single-cell TCR-profiling to achieve two key objectives: 1) identify if there are endogenous neo-antigen-specific T-cells in childhood AML, and 2) assess whether these T-cells can be induced by antigen stimulation. We will use single-cell sequencing to profile the tumour microenvironment in paediatric AML to assess for T-cell clonality and presence/absence of key immune cell interactions that may be useful for a vaccination response. In parallel, we will design and implement experimental workflows to assess T-cell-mediated tumour killing, enabling functional validation of potential neo-antigen candidates, in collaboration with leading immunology labs at UQ and beyond.